Làithean na seachdain – DAYS OF THE WEEK
Didòmhnaich - SUNDAY
Là na Sàbaid - SUNDAY
Diluain - MONDAY
Dimàirt - TUESDAY
Diciadain - WEDNESDAY
Diardaoin - THURSDAY
Dihaoine - FRIDAY
Disathairne - SATURDAY
Dè an là a tha ann? – What day is ...?
’S e Diluain a tha ann an-diugh. Today is Monday,
Nach e Dimàirt a tha ann? Isn’t Tuesday?
Chan e. ’S e Diluain a tha ann. No. It’s Monday.
’S e Didòmhnaich a bha ann an-dè. It was Sunday yesterday.
An e Dimàirt a bhios ann a-màireach? Will it be Tuesday tomorrow?
’S e. Tha sin ceart. ’S e Diluain a tha ann an-diugh agus ’s e Dimàirt a bhios ann a-màireach. Yes, that’s right. It’s Monday today and it will be Tuesday tomorrow.
Madainn mhath a Cheitidh. ’S e là math a th’ ann. Good morning, Katie! It’s a nice day.
’S e, a Chaluim. Là brèagha. Yes, Malcolm. A beautiful day.
Dè an là a tha ann a-rithist? What day is it again?
Diardaoin. ’S e Diardaoin a th’ ann. Thursday. It’s Thursday.
O, ’s e. Diardaoin. Bidh làraidh an sgudail a’ tighinn an-diugh.
Oh, yes. Thursday. The bin lorry will be coming today.
Cha bhi. ’S e Dihaoine là an sgudail.
No. Friday is bin day.
Bidh an làraidh a’ tighinn a-màireach, ma-thà.
The lorry will be coming tomorrow, then.
Tha mi an dòchas gum bi. Tha am bion làn.
I hope so. The trash can is full.
Dè tha sibh a dèanamh an-diugh?
What are you doing today?
Chan eil mòran. Dè tha sibh fhèin a’ dèanamh an-diugh?
Not much. And what are you doing today then?
Tha mi a’ leughadh leabhar. ’S e leabhar math a th’ ann.
I’m reading a book. It a good book.
An robh sibh aig an taigh an-dè?
Were you at home yesterday?
Cha robh. Bha mi ag obair an-dè.
No. I was working yesterday.
Agus a-màireach? Am bi sibh ag obair a-màireach?
What about tomorrow? Will you be working tomorrow?
Bithidh. Bidh mi trang a-màireach. Ach cha bhi Disathairne.
Yes. I will be busy tomorrow, but I won’t be on Saturday.
Dè bhios sibh a’ dèanamh Disathairne?
What will you be doing on Saturday?
Bidh mi a’ chluich ball-coise.
I’ll be playing football.
Marlon muebeitoa yu ajue beisie.
Let's learn a foreign language!
sexta-feira, 29 de maio de 2009
Biblical exerpts in Scottish Gaelic
“Oir is ann mar sin a ghràdhaich Dia an saoghal, gun tug e a aon-ghin Mhic fhèin, a-chum is ge b’ e neach a chreideas ann, nach sgriosar e, ach is gum bi a’ bheatha shìorraidh aige.” (Eòin 3: 16)
“Oir is e tuarasdal a’ pheacaich am bàs; ach is e saor-thìodhlac Dhè a’ bheatha mhaireannach ter Iosa Crìosd, ar Tighearna.” (Romanaich 6: 23)
“Ar n-Athair a tha air nèamh,
Gu naomhaichear d' ainm.
Thigeadh do rìoghachd.
Dèanar do thoil air an talamh,
mar a nìthear air nèamh.
Tabhair dhuinn an-diugh ar n-aran làitheil.
Agus maith dhuinn ar fiachan,
amhail a mhaitheas sinne dar luchd-fiach.
Agus na leig ann am buaireadh sinn;
ach saor sinn o olc:
oir is leatsa an rìoghachd,
agus an cumhachd,
agus a ghlòir,
gu sìorraidh. Aimen. (Mata 6: 9-13)
“Oir is e tuarasdal a’ pheacaich am bàs; ach is e saor-thìodhlac Dhè a’ bheatha mhaireannach ter Iosa Crìosd, ar Tighearna.” (Romanaich 6: 23)
“Ar n-Athair a tha air nèamh,
Gu naomhaichear d' ainm.
Thigeadh do rìoghachd.
Dèanar do thoil air an talamh,
mar a nìthear air nèamh.
Tabhair dhuinn an-diugh ar n-aran làitheil.
Agus maith dhuinn ar fiachan,
amhail a mhaitheas sinne dar luchd-fiach.
Agus na leig ann am buaireadh sinn;
ach saor sinn o olc:
oir is leatsa an rìoghachd,
agus an cumhachd,
agus a ghlòir,
gu sìorraidh. Aimen. (Mata 6: 9-13)
Nasz Bóg jest Bogiem ukrzyżowanym...
A gdy Go wyszydzili,
zdjęli z Niego płaszcz,
włożyli na Niego własne Jego szaty
i odprowadzili Go na ukrzyżowanie.
Mt 27,31
To, że Bóg istnieje nie jest żadną tajemnicą, to widać gołym okiem: wypisane to jest na wszystkich kwiatach, na morzu, na górach i na twarzach dobrych ludzi.
To, że Bóg jest nieogarniony, nie jest żadną tajemnicą: wystarcza zajrzeć w kosmos.
Więc w czym tkwi tajemnica?
W tym, że nasz Bóg jest Bogiem Ukrzyżowanym...
Ukazał się jako dziecko.
Chleb zyskiwał pracą rąk własnych.
Dzielił trudy codziennego życia.
Pochylał się nad zagubionymi i schorowanym.
Drogi życia odsłaniał.
Czasem moc swą objawiał.
Kiedy przyszła próba - nie uciekł.
I nie kazał nawet aniołom pomóc sobie.
Zgodził się na proces.
Torturowany - nie załamał się.
Przyjął wyrok.
Wziął krzyż na ramiona i szedł ku miejscu egzekucji.
Ukrzyżowany - oprawcom przebaczył.
Łotra na krzyżu spowiadał.
Bogu Ojcu ducha oddał i... Zmartwychwstał
Wchodzimy w dni Wielkiego Postu, które ponownie nam jawią dzieje Boga pośród ludzi.
A skoro Bóg nie jest jedynie historią, lecz wciąż nam zagląda do sumień, warto przeto się zadumać nad stylem naszego życia pytając czy ono wszczepia nas w Bożą Przestrzeń, czy też przeciwko niej wierzga; czy droga mojego życia wiedzie mnie do Zmartwychwstania? Wszak mamy tylko jedno życie, czasem znaczone.
Życie wpisane w krzyż
Jezusa z Nazeretu ukrzyżowali.
Ciało w grobie złożyli.
Grób opieczętowali i straż postawili.
A On Zmartwychwstał!
Czterdziestodniowy post Jezusa na pustyni.
Kuszony dostatkiem, pychą i mocą władania - odrzucił je.
Czterdziestodniowy post Kościoła z wczuwaniem się w Mękę Jezusa misterium pierwszej Eucharystii, tragedię Golgoty i Tajemnicę Paschalną - to droga Chrystusowej Wspólnoty odczytującej swoją historię w przestrzeni Historii Zbawienia.
Moje przemijanie tak wyraziście popiołem wielkopostnym okazywane, ocierające się
prawie o nicość egzystencji, nie niesie jednak przesłania o całkowitym zanikaniu.
Z kurzącego popiołu wyłania się nieśmiała nadzieja: non omnis moriar - nie wszystek
umrę, śmierć nie strawi mojej egzystencji. Za prochami i popiołami stoi Nadzieja.
Nadzieja, którą uwiarygodnił sam Bóg w Jezusie Chrystusie.
Wiara - tak, ale i historia.
Bóg bowiem w swoim Synu, sam pozwolił zetrzeć się na proch.
Podjął męczeństwo, okazał solidarność z opuszczonymi, cierpiącymi płaczącymi.
Towarzyszący, szczególnie wyraziście, czterdziestodniowej drodze Wielkiego Postu
Krzyż, jawi, iż niszczone gdziekolwiek na ziemi ludzkie życie, jest kolejnym stawianiem krzyża.
Gdzież podział się krzyż? - pyta poeta.
I odpowiada - Stał się nam bramą.
W Krzyżu, tym z Wielkiego Piątku tkwi mocna zaródź nadziei, która się odsłoniła w
Wielką Noc cudem Zmartwychwstania.
Jest ona Bożą odpowiedzią dla wszystkich steranych trudami życia.
A w Wielkanoc sam Bóg zaprasza nas na Przyjęcie u siebie. Nazywamy to Eucharystią.
Spójrz Bogu w Twarz!
“tak daleko nam do prawdy choć wyciąga do nas dłoń
nie musimy za nią płacić a i tak gardzimy nią
a może by tak każdy przestał się jej w końcu wstydzić
podniósł wzrok do góry, stanął twarzą w twarz
uwierz mi zobaczysz mądrość, której jeszcze dziś nie widzisz
że to Bóg jest miłością Twą"
Michał Wiśniewski (Ich troje) - 7 grzechów głównych - Bóg jest miłością
Zastanów się przez chwilę nad tym jak wygląda twoje podejście do Boga.
Czy masz odwagę spojrzeć mu w Twarz? Czy nie odwracasz wzroku i nie skupiasz uwagi
na innych sprawach? Czy nie mrużysz oczu, bo nie chcesz go oglądać? Czy próbujesz
skupić na nim wzrok by zobaczyć go wyraźnie?
A przecież Bóg jest taki dobry...
"Bóg jest pierwszym źródłem radości i nadziei człowieka." Jan Paweł II
Gdy szukasz szczęścia powinieneś zaczynać od Boga. On jest źródłem. Od niego
wypływa wszelkie dobro.
Powiecie "zwariował, że co, niby przed randką mam iść do kościoła...".
I tak i nie. To zależy od tego jak bardzo ci zależy...
Zasadniczo nie chodzi mi tu o to, że przed każdym ważnym wydarzeniem twojego życia masz iść dać na mszę :) (choć np. Jagiełło przed bitwą pod Grunwaldem kazał odprawić aż dwie
:D ). Chodzi mi raczej o to, że każdą sprawę powinno się Bogu powierzać. Powierzać w
codziennej modlitwie. Tak po prostu. Powiedzieć Bogu o tym, co jest dla ciebie ważne, w czym chciałbyś Jego pomocy, Jego wspracia...
To nie jest kwestia wielkich gestów na pokaz, to jest kwestia zaufania. Musisz sobie odpowiedzieć na pytanie "Czy ufasz Bogu?". Ja ufam. A jeśli ufam, to jestem gotów oddać mu moje sprawy. Jestem gotów wspólnie z nim podejmować ważne decyzje mojego życia. I mogę ci powiedzieć, że jeszcze nigdy na dłuższą metę się nie zawiodłem. Czasem z początku nie rozumiałem tego co się stało, ale po czasie zawsze widziałem, że tak jak się stało było lepiej.
Zaufaj Bogu już dziś - to będzie najpiękniejszy moment twojego życia...
Celebracja: Nasz Bóg jest Bogiem Miłości
Program duchowych przygotowań: VII Etap
Symbol Ducha Świętego - pieczęć.
Znak dla młodych - podpisana deklaracja, postanowienie i złożenie jej przy żłóbku.
Celem celebracji jest wskazanie na wierność Boga do człowieka w miłości. Pan Bóg daje
każdemu człowiekowi przychodzącemu na świat określone zadanie. Powołuje go do życia w
świętości udzielając odpowiednich darów i umiejętności. Bóg jest zawsze wierny i nie
pozostawia człowieka samego, daje tyle łask ile mu potrzeba do wypełnienia misji i dania świadectwa wierze.
Można zaproponować młodzieży wysłuchanie utworu muzycznego, np. organowego i zwrócić uwagę na odpowiedni rytm, który jest konieczny do właściwego brzmienia. Aby utwór
posiadał odpowiednie brzmienie, by można było go usłyszeć w taki sposób, jaki był zamierzony przez kompozytora nie można grać szybciej ani wolniej, lecz należy utrzymać określone tempo utworu. Zaprezentowany utwór może być porównany do życia człowieka, które, aby było pięknie przeżyte i wybrzmiało w zamierzony przez Boga sposób musi utrzymać odpowiedni rytm, to znaczy, że postępowanie człowieka powinno być konsultowane z Bogiem na modlitwie.
Człowiek powinien odczytać plan Boga wobec niego i w taki sposób postępować, aby go
wypełnić. Dopiero wtedy odkryje szczęście i powołanie w swym życiu, gdyż Bóg, który jest Stwórcą i Ojcem najlepiej wie, co jest dobre dla Jego dzieci. Należy wskazać młodzieży na pieczęć, poprzez którą Bóg potwierdza uczestnictwo człowieka w Jego życiu. Tą pieczęcią jest chrzest święty, podczas którego Bóg wyciska niezatarte znamię dziecka Bożego, dając w ten sposób pewność swojej miłości do niego.
Pan Bóg wyrusza razem z człowiekiem w tą piękną przygodę odczytywania planu utworu życia. Można wskazać na wyjście narodu wybranego z niewoli egipskiej i towarzyszenie Boga w obłoku (Wj 24,12-18). Ważne jest ukazanie niezmiennej miłości do człowieka. Mimo, iż naród wybrany odwracał się od Boga, popełniał błędy, On pozostał wierny. Wobec każdego człowieka Pan Bóg ma zamysł, który odczytując we właściwy sposób i realizując w życiu prowadzi do odkrycia niezgłębionej miłości Boga.
Pieczęcią naszej miłości w tym czasie Bożego Narodzenia niech będzie deklaracja
podpisana przez nas z potrzeby serca. Zechciejmy wypisać jedno lub dwa postanowienia, które będą naszą odpowiedzią na Miłość Boga względem nas. Postanowienia mogą dotyczyć naszej relacji do Boga (np. pogłębienie życia modlitwy, częstsze czytanie Pisma Świętego, czynne uczestniczenie w sakramentach świętych), lub relacji do człowieka (np. wrażliwość na potrzebujących, pomoc tym, którzy są w naszym otoczeniu przez konkretny czyn, jakim może być rozmowa, zauważenie, wrażliwość na cierpienie).
Na zakończenie młodzież może napisane deklaracje, które będą potwierdzeniem ich
odpowiedzi na miłość Boga przynieść w darze ofiarnym podczas Mszy świętej na ołtarz lub złożyć przy żłóbku nowonarodzonej Dzieciny.
Będzie to również zachętą do tego, aby rozpocząć jakby od nowa kolejny etap swego
życia, a równocześnie powrót do pierwotnego obdarowania przez Boga na Chrzcie Świętym. Szczególny czas Bożego Narodzenia niech będzie inspiracją do tego, aby na nowo rozpocząć życie w łasce Bożej, pamiętając o tym, że jesteśmy dziećmi Boga, który jest Miłością i nigdy nie zawodzi.
zdjęli z Niego płaszcz,
włożyli na Niego własne Jego szaty
i odprowadzili Go na ukrzyżowanie.
Mt 27,31
To, że Bóg istnieje nie jest żadną tajemnicą, to widać gołym okiem: wypisane to jest na wszystkich kwiatach, na morzu, na górach i na twarzach dobrych ludzi.
To, że Bóg jest nieogarniony, nie jest żadną tajemnicą: wystarcza zajrzeć w kosmos.
Więc w czym tkwi tajemnica?
W tym, że nasz Bóg jest Bogiem Ukrzyżowanym...
Ukazał się jako dziecko.
Chleb zyskiwał pracą rąk własnych.
Dzielił trudy codziennego życia.
Pochylał się nad zagubionymi i schorowanym.
Drogi życia odsłaniał.
Czasem moc swą objawiał.
Kiedy przyszła próba - nie uciekł.
I nie kazał nawet aniołom pomóc sobie.
Zgodził się na proces.
Torturowany - nie załamał się.
Przyjął wyrok.
Wziął krzyż na ramiona i szedł ku miejscu egzekucji.
Ukrzyżowany - oprawcom przebaczył.
Łotra na krzyżu spowiadał.
Bogu Ojcu ducha oddał i... Zmartwychwstał
Wchodzimy w dni Wielkiego Postu, które ponownie nam jawią dzieje Boga pośród ludzi.
A skoro Bóg nie jest jedynie historią, lecz wciąż nam zagląda do sumień, warto przeto się zadumać nad stylem naszego życia pytając czy ono wszczepia nas w Bożą Przestrzeń, czy też przeciwko niej wierzga; czy droga mojego życia wiedzie mnie do Zmartwychwstania? Wszak mamy tylko jedno życie, czasem znaczone.
Życie wpisane w krzyż
Jezusa z Nazeretu ukrzyżowali.
Ciało w grobie złożyli.
Grób opieczętowali i straż postawili.
A On Zmartwychwstał!
Czterdziestodniowy post Jezusa na pustyni.
Kuszony dostatkiem, pychą i mocą władania - odrzucił je.
Czterdziestodniowy post Kościoła z wczuwaniem się w Mękę Jezusa misterium pierwszej Eucharystii, tragedię Golgoty i Tajemnicę Paschalną - to droga Chrystusowej Wspólnoty odczytującej swoją historię w przestrzeni Historii Zbawienia.
Moje przemijanie tak wyraziście popiołem wielkopostnym okazywane, ocierające się
prawie o nicość egzystencji, nie niesie jednak przesłania o całkowitym zanikaniu.
Z kurzącego popiołu wyłania się nieśmiała nadzieja: non omnis moriar - nie wszystek
umrę, śmierć nie strawi mojej egzystencji. Za prochami i popiołami stoi Nadzieja.
Nadzieja, którą uwiarygodnił sam Bóg w Jezusie Chrystusie.
Wiara - tak, ale i historia.
Bóg bowiem w swoim Synu, sam pozwolił zetrzeć się na proch.
Podjął męczeństwo, okazał solidarność z opuszczonymi, cierpiącymi płaczącymi.
Towarzyszący, szczególnie wyraziście, czterdziestodniowej drodze Wielkiego Postu
Krzyż, jawi, iż niszczone gdziekolwiek na ziemi ludzkie życie, jest kolejnym stawianiem krzyża.
Gdzież podział się krzyż? - pyta poeta.
I odpowiada - Stał się nam bramą.
W Krzyżu, tym z Wielkiego Piątku tkwi mocna zaródź nadziei, która się odsłoniła w
Wielką Noc cudem Zmartwychwstania.
Jest ona Bożą odpowiedzią dla wszystkich steranych trudami życia.
A w Wielkanoc sam Bóg zaprasza nas na Przyjęcie u siebie. Nazywamy to Eucharystią.
Spójrz Bogu w Twarz!
“tak daleko nam do prawdy choć wyciąga do nas dłoń
nie musimy za nią płacić a i tak gardzimy nią
a może by tak każdy przestał się jej w końcu wstydzić
podniósł wzrok do góry, stanął twarzą w twarz
uwierz mi zobaczysz mądrość, której jeszcze dziś nie widzisz
że to Bóg jest miłością Twą"
Michał Wiśniewski (Ich troje) - 7 grzechów głównych - Bóg jest miłością
Zastanów się przez chwilę nad tym jak wygląda twoje podejście do Boga.
Czy masz odwagę spojrzeć mu w Twarz? Czy nie odwracasz wzroku i nie skupiasz uwagi
na innych sprawach? Czy nie mrużysz oczu, bo nie chcesz go oglądać? Czy próbujesz
skupić na nim wzrok by zobaczyć go wyraźnie?
A przecież Bóg jest taki dobry...
"Bóg jest pierwszym źródłem radości i nadziei człowieka." Jan Paweł II
Gdy szukasz szczęścia powinieneś zaczynać od Boga. On jest źródłem. Od niego
wypływa wszelkie dobro.
Powiecie "zwariował, że co, niby przed randką mam iść do kościoła...".
I tak i nie. To zależy od tego jak bardzo ci zależy...
Zasadniczo nie chodzi mi tu o to, że przed każdym ważnym wydarzeniem twojego życia masz iść dać na mszę :) (choć np. Jagiełło przed bitwą pod Grunwaldem kazał odprawić aż dwie
:D ). Chodzi mi raczej o to, że każdą sprawę powinno się Bogu powierzać. Powierzać w
codziennej modlitwie. Tak po prostu. Powiedzieć Bogu o tym, co jest dla ciebie ważne, w czym chciałbyś Jego pomocy, Jego wspracia...
To nie jest kwestia wielkich gestów na pokaz, to jest kwestia zaufania. Musisz sobie odpowiedzieć na pytanie "Czy ufasz Bogu?". Ja ufam. A jeśli ufam, to jestem gotów oddać mu moje sprawy. Jestem gotów wspólnie z nim podejmować ważne decyzje mojego życia. I mogę ci powiedzieć, że jeszcze nigdy na dłuższą metę się nie zawiodłem. Czasem z początku nie rozumiałem tego co się stało, ale po czasie zawsze widziałem, że tak jak się stało było lepiej.
Zaufaj Bogu już dziś - to będzie najpiękniejszy moment twojego życia...
Celebracja: Nasz Bóg jest Bogiem Miłości
Program duchowych przygotowań: VII Etap
Symbol Ducha Świętego - pieczęć.
Znak dla młodych - podpisana deklaracja, postanowienie i złożenie jej przy żłóbku.
Celem celebracji jest wskazanie na wierność Boga do człowieka w miłości. Pan Bóg daje
każdemu człowiekowi przychodzącemu na świat określone zadanie. Powołuje go do życia w
świętości udzielając odpowiednich darów i umiejętności. Bóg jest zawsze wierny i nie
pozostawia człowieka samego, daje tyle łask ile mu potrzeba do wypełnienia misji i dania świadectwa wierze.
Można zaproponować młodzieży wysłuchanie utworu muzycznego, np. organowego i zwrócić uwagę na odpowiedni rytm, który jest konieczny do właściwego brzmienia. Aby utwór
posiadał odpowiednie brzmienie, by można było go usłyszeć w taki sposób, jaki był zamierzony przez kompozytora nie można grać szybciej ani wolniej, lecz należy utrzymać określone tempo utworu. Zaprezentowany utwór może być porównany do życia człowieka, które, aby było pięknie przeżyte i wybrzmiało w zamierzony przez Boga sposób musi utrzymać odpowiedni rytm, to znaczy, że postępowanie człowieka powinno być konsultowane z Bogiem na modlitwie.
Człowiek powinien odczytać plan Boga wobec niego i w taki sposób postępować, aby go
wypełnić. Dopiero wtedy odkryje szczęście i powołanie w swym życiu, gdyż Bóg, który jest Stwórcą i Ojcem najlepiej wie, co jest dobre dla Jego dzieci. Należy wskazać młodzieży na pieczęć, poprzez którą Bóg potwierdza uczestnictwo człowieka w Jego życiu. Tą pieczęcią jest chrzest święty, podczas którego Bóg wyciska niezatarte znamię dziecka Bożego, dając w ten sposób pewność swojej miłości do niego.
Pan Bóg wyrusza razem z człowiekiem w tą piękną przygodę odczytywania planu utworu życia. Można wskazać na wyjście narodu wybranego z niewoli egipskiej i towarzyszenie Boga w obłoku (Wj 24,12-18). Ważne jest ukazanie niezmiennej miłości do człowieka. Mimo, iż naród wybrany odwracał się od Boga, popełniał błędy, On pozostał wierny. Wobec każdego człowieka Pan Bóg ma zamysł, który odczytując we właściwy sposób i realizując w życiu prowadzi do odkrycia niezgłębionej miłości Boga.
Pieczęcią naszej miłości w tym czasie Bożego Narodzenia niech będzie deklaracja
podpisana przez nas z potrzeby serca. Zechciejmy wypisać jedno lub dwa postanowienia, które będą naszą odpowiedzią na Miłość Boga względem nas. Postanowienia mogą dotyczyć naszej relacji do Boga (np. pogłębienie życia modlitwy, częstsze czytanie Pisma Świętego, czynne uczestniczenie w sakramentach świętych), lub relacji do człowieka (np. wrażliwość na potrzebujących, pomoc tym, którzy są w naszym otoczeniu przez konkretny czyn, jakim może być rozmowa, zauważenie, wrażliwość na cierpienie).
Na zakończenie młodzież może napisane deklaracje, które będą potwierdzeniem ich
odpowiedzi na miłość Boga przynieść w darze ofiarnym podczas Mszy świętej na ołtarz lub złożyć przy żłóbku nowonarodzonej Dzieciny.
Będzie to również zachętą do tego, aby rozpocząć jakby od nowa kolejny etap swego
życia, a równocześnie powrót do pierwotnego obdarowania przez Boga na Chrzcie Świętym. Szczególny czas Bożego Narodzenia niech będzie inspiracją do tego, aby na nowo rozpocząć życie w łasce Bożej, pamiętając o tym, że jesteśmy dziećmi Boga, który jest Miłością i nigdy nie zawodzi.
Era Heisei no Japão (1989 até hoje)
Akihito deu início ao período
O filho mais velho do imperador Hirohito foi entronizado no dia 12 de novembro de 1990, e deu iníco à Era Heisei que veio após a Era Shouwa.
Família imperial
No dia 7 de janeiro de 1989, faleceu o imperador Hirohito, vítima de câncer no duodeno, aos 87 anos, encerrando a Era Showa, que durou 64 anos. No dia 12 de novembro do ano seguinte, foi realizada a cerimônia de entronização do atual imperador Akihito, filho mais velho de Hirohito, seguindo o estilo antigo. Compareceram à cerimônia de entronização 2,5 mil representantes de 158 países, na qual o novo imperador expressou o desejo de seguir a Constituição. Na Era Heisei, houve uma sucessão de fatos auspiciosos na família imperial. Em junho de 1989, o segundo filho do imperador, o príncipe Fumihito Ayanomiya, na época, de 24 anos, casou-se com Kiko Kawashima, 23, estudante de pós-graduação em psicologia social.
Em 1992, o imperador visitou, pela primeira vez, a China, restaurando as relações de amizade e fraternidade abaladas pelo passado e pela Segunda Guerra. No ano seguinte, o príncipe herdeiro, Naruhito, casou-se com Masako Owada, formada pela Universidade de Harvard e futura diplomata. Sua postura intelectual e maneira refinada de se vestir tornaram-se moda. Em 2001, a princesa Masako deu à luz a princesa Aiko. Como atualmente não há herdeiros masculinos na família imperial, vem crescendo entre a população a idéia de conceder às mulheres o direito de sucessão ao trono.
Terremoto e terrorismo
O grande terremoto de Hanshin, ocorrido em janeiro de 1995, resultou em 6.433 mortos, 43.792 feridos e mais de 300 mil desabrigados, na maior catástrofe desde o terremoto de Kanto (1912). O número de casas destruídas foi de 250 mil; o de atingidas por incêndio, de 7.483, e o total de perdas chegou a ¥ 10 trilhões. Pelo fato de a catástrofe ter atingido uma área metropolitana e por ter sido seguida de incêndio, linhas vitais de abastecimento e comunicação, estradas, ferrovias, eletricidade, água, gás e telefone foram cortados e tiveram a reparação atrasada. País sujeito a terremotos, construções de grande porte foram obrigadas a ter estrutura à prova de terremotos, porém, não foi possível evitar os danos.
Nessa ocasião, ganhou destaque o trabalho de voluntários vindos de todo o Japão e de vários países do mundo. Desde então, iniciou-se a atuação de organizações sem fins lucrativos e organizações não-governamentais.
Em março de 1995, ocorreu o episódio do gás sarin no metrô de Tóquio, lançado por uma seita fanática, que resultou em 12 mortes, entre passageiros e funcionários, e 5.510 feridos. Foi um ato indiscriminado com uso de arma química que chocou o mundo. Após dois dias, a polícia obteve a confissão de um dirigente da seita Aum esclarecendo os aspectos do caso. Seu líder, Shoko Asahara, e o dirigente Chizuo Matsumoto foram detidos, julgados e condenados à execução.
O episódio de 11 de setembro nos EUA resultou em 6 mil mortes, mas, antes dele, uma sucessão de casos de atentados terroristas, conflitos e guerras fez com que as Nações Unidas estabelecessem uma operação para a manutenção da paz (Peace Keeping Operation). Passou-se a realizar ações de auxílio emergencial por meio de exércitos e organizações de diversos países.
Sociedade, cultura e esportes
Desde a premiação de Kenzaburo Oe (prêmio de literatura), em 1994, seguiram-se muitos ganhadores do Prêmio Nobel. Em 2000, Hideki Shirakawa (Química); em 2001, Ryoji Noyori (Química); em 2002, Masatoshi Koshiba (Física e Química) e Koichi Tanaka (Química), totalizando 12 laureados. Nos esportes, foram realizadas as Olimpíadas de Inverno de Nagano, em 1998, e a Copa do Mundo, em 2002, em conjunto com a Coréia do Sul, que resultou num evento de grande popularidade. Em junho de 1989, faleceu a cantora Misora Hibari, aos 52 anos, de complicações de hepatite crônica e fratura no fêmur. Ela foi a primeira mulher a receber o Prêmio Nacional de Honra.
Em dezembro de 1990, o repórter Toyohiro Akiyama, 48, da TBS (Tokyo Hoso), embarcou na nave espacial soviética Soyuz TM-11. Foi o primeiro jornalista do mundo a
se lançar no espaço. Em 1994, a astronauta Chiaki Mukai foi a primeira mulher asiática a participar de um vôo espacial.
Política e economia
Até meados da década de 1980, o Japão era a segunda potência econômica do mundo e fazia elogio de sua riqueza material e de sua paz, mas, na Era Heisei o país assistiu ao fim da economia da bolha e à falência de inúmeras empresas, que foram compradas por empresas americanas ou européias. Por essa razão, intensificou-se não só a internacionalização das empresas como o intercâmbio de pessoas. O aumento de trabalhadores dekassegi, que se dedicavam aos trabalhos chamados de 3K (kitsui, duro, penoso; kitanai, sujo; kiken, perigoso) proporcionou à sociedade japonesa contato com outras culturas, porém com aumentado do número de crimes cometidos por estrangeiros desempregados, em decorrência de condições de trabalho instáveis. A economia encontrava-se estagnada, com o registro de índices negativos no crescimento a partir de 2000.
O primeiro-ministro Junichiro Koizumi, que assumiu em 2001, propôs uma “reforma estrutural acompanhada de dor”, fazendo apelos à população por compreensão e paciência.
Ao voltarmos o olhar para a Ásia, encontramos países como China, Coréia do Sul, Malásia, Cingapura e Vietnã ganhando expressão econômica, atraindo investimento de todo o mundo. O Japão possui tecnologia de informação e científica capazes de superar a concorrência internacional, mas se encontra num momento de necessidade de maior investimento em educação e tecnologia e de dedicação ao desenvolvimento de alta tecnologia. Tendo em mente um mundo cada vez mais globalizado, com a difusão da internet, o Japão deve construir uma sociedade verdadeiramente abundante, dinâmica e diversa, junto com os trabalhadores estrangeiros, valendo-se dos diferentes talentos de cada pessoa. Essa deve ser a contribuição do Japão ao mundo, o que poderá levar ao caminho da convivência e da paz.
Em 2008, o príncipe Naruhito esteve no Brasil no mês de junho para a comemoração do centenário da imigração japonesa ao solo brasileiro (18 de julho, dia exato da chegada dos primeiros japoneses). 2009 equivale atualmente ao 21º ano da Era Heisei no Calendário Imperial do Japão.
Disponível em:. Acesso em 28/05/2009.
Alguns dados sobre a "Terra do Sol Nascente"
Nome oficial: Japão (Nippon)
Capital: Tokyo
Nacionalidade: japonesa
Idioma oficial: japonês
Religião: xintoísmo e budismo (84%)
Território: 377.864 km2 (em quatro grandes ilhas – Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku e Hokkaido – e 6.848 outras menores)
Moeda: iene
Calendário: 2004 equivale ao 16º ano da Era Heisei no calendário japonês
População: 127,3 milhões (outubro 2001)
População urbana: 75%
Taxa de crescimento demográfico: 0,29% (2001)
Alfabetização: 99% (estimativa 1999)
Universidades: 669 (maio de 2001)
Leitos de hospital: 1.864.448 (2000)
Médicos: 1 para 555 pessoas (1996)
Expectativas de vida: Mulheres (84,6 anos); Homens (77,7 anos) – Dados 2000.
Mortalidade infantil: 3,2 por 1.000 crianças nascidas (2000)
Densidade demográfica: 339,8 pessoas por km² (1999)
Principais cidades: Tóquio (aglomerado urbano: 27.242.000 hab.; cidade: 7.966.195 hab.), Osaka (aglomerado urbano: 10.618.000 hab.; cidade: 2.602.352 hab.); Yokohama (3.307.136 hab.), Nagoya (2.152.184 hab.), Sapporo (1.757.025 hab.), Kyoto(1.463.822 hab.), Kobe (1.423.792 hab.).
Economia
PIB (em ienes): 532,96 trilhões (2002)
Renda per capita: US$ 24.036 (2002)
Crescimento do PIB: 1,7% (2000)
Força de trabalho: 65,87 milhões de pessoas
Exportações (em ienes): 48,979 trilhões (2001)
Importações (em ienes): 42,416 trilhões
Produção agrícola – Principais culturas: arroz, beterraba açucareira, hortaliças e frutas. Pecuária: avicultura. Pesca: maior frota pesqueira do mundo
Produção industrial – Principais indústrias: manufaturados de tecnologia avançada, equipamentos pesados elétricos, veículos e motores, equipamentos eletrônicos e de telecomunicações, máquinas de ferramentas e computadorizadas, sistemas de produção, locomotivas e equipamentos de transportes, estaleiros, produtos químicos, produtos têxtil, alimentos processados, instrumentos de precisão.
Principais parceiros comerciais: Estados Unidos, China, Europa Ocidental, Sudeste Asiático.
O País
Os esforços das indústrias e do governo, uma forte ética no trabalho, o completo domínio da tecnologia e os gastos com defesa proporcionalmente pequenos (cerca de 1% do PIB) foram alguns dos fatores que ajudaram o Japão a se tornar a segunda maior economia do planeta. Uma das características da economia do país é o perfeito relacionamento entre fabricantes, fornecedores e distribuidores, chamado "keiretsu". Por muito tempo também se destacou o emprego vitalício, privilégio que vem sendo eliminado pelas empresas.
A indústria é o principal motor da economia japonesa, apesar de depender quase que integralmente da importação de matérias primas e do petróleo. O setor agrícola, com menor peso, recebe fortes subsídios e proteção do governo. O país é auto-suficiente em arroz – o alimento básico da população – mas importa cerca de metade de cereais e demais alimentos.
Durante três décadas, o Japão manteve crescimento econômico espetacular: 10% nos anos 60 e de 5% nos anos 70 e 80. No entanto, entre 1992 e 1995 o ritmo teve uma desaceleração devido as novas medidas do governo para diminuir as especulações no mercado imobiliário. No final de 1995, a estrutura financeira também sofreu um baque provocado pelas centenas de milhões de dólares de dívidas não-declaradas.
Apesar desses percalços, a economia do Japão continuou forte graças ao superávit comercial, aos investimentos no estrangeiro, além da manutenção do baixo índice de desemprego (em comparação com os demais países desenvolvidos) e de inflação.
A falta de espaço para abrigar os mais os 127,3 milhões de habitantes e o envelhecimento da população continuam sendo os grandes problemas atuais do país.
Língua Japonesa
O Japão tem população de mais de 120 milhões de habitantes e, lingüisticamente, é quase uma nação homogênea, já que mais de 99% falam o mesmo idioma. Há várias teorias sobre a origem da língua japonesa. Muitos estudiosos acreditam ser sintaticamente muito próxima das línguas altaicas, como a turca e a mongol, e do coreano. Há ainda evidências que sua morfologia e vocabulário foram influenciados pelas línguas malaio-polinésias do sul.
O sistema de escrita japonês veio do chinês, apesar de as línguas faladas nos dois países serem completamente diferentes. Além dos kanjis (os ideogramas), os japoneses adotam duas escritas silábicas, o hiragana e o katakana.
Ainda hoje, um grande número de dialetos regionais é usado no Japão. O padrão lingüístico tende ser o falado em Tóquio, que está se expandindo por todo o país por meio da mídia, mas os dialetos usados em Kyoto e Osaka continuam firmes.
Disponível em:. Acesso em
O filho mais velho do imperador Hirohito foi entronizado no dia 12 de novembro de 1990, e deu iníco à Era Heisei que veio após a Era Shouwa.
Família imperial
No dia 7 de janeiro de 1989, faleceu o imperador Hirohito, vítima de câncer no duodeno, aos 87 anos, encerrando a Era Showa, que durou 64 anos. No dia 12 de novembro do ano seguinte, foi realizada a cerimônia de entronização do atual imperador Akihito, filho mais velho de Hirohito, seguindo o estilo antigo. Compareceram à cerimônia de entronização 2,5 mil representantes de 158 países, na qual o novo imperador expressou o desejo de seguir a Constituição. Na Era Heisei, houve uma sucessão de fatos auspiciosos na família imperial. Em junho de 1989, o segundo filho do imperador, o príncipe Fumihito Ayanomiya, na época, de 24 anos, casou-se com Kiko Kawashima, 23, estudante de pós-graduação em psicologia social.
Em 1992, o imperador visitou, pela primeira vez, a China, restaurando as relações de amizade e fraternidade abaladas pelo passado e pela Segunda Guerra. No ano seguinte, o príncipe herdeiro, Naruhito, casou-se com Masako Owada, formada pela Universidade de Harvard e futura diplomata. Sua postura intelectual e maneira refinada de se vestir tornaram-se moda. Em 2001, a princesa Masako deu à luz a princesa Aiko. Como atualmente não há herdeiros masculinos na família imperial, vem crescendo entre a população a idéia de conceder às mulheres o direito de sucessão ao trono.
Terremoto e terrorismo
O grande terremoto de Hanshin, ocorrido em janeiro de 1995, resultou em 6.433 mortos, 43.792 feridos e mais de 300 mil desabrigados, na maior catástrofe desde o terremoto de Kanto (1912). O número de casas destruídas foi de 250 mil; o de atingidas por incêndio, de 7.483, e o total de perdas chegou a ¥ 10 trilhões. Pelo fato de a catástrofe ter atingido uma área metropolitana e por ter sido seguida de incêndio, linhas vitais de abastecimento e comunicação, estradas, ferrovias, eletricidade, água, gás e telefone foram cortados e tiveram a reparação atrasada. País sujeito a terremotos, construções de grande porte foram obrigadas a ter estrutura à prova de terremotos, porém, não foi possível evitar os danos.
Nessa ocasião, ganhou destaque o trabalho de voluntários vindos de todo o Japão e de vários países do mundo. Desde então, iniciou-se a atuação de organizações sem fins lucrativos e organizações não-governamentais.
Em março de 1995, ocorreu o episódio do gás sarin no metrô de Tóquio, lançado por uma seita fanática, que resultou em 12 mortes, entre passageiros e funcionários, e 5.510 feridos. Foi um ato indiscriminado com uso de arma química que chocou o mundo. Após dois dias, a polícia obteve a confissão de um dirigente da seita Aum esclarecendo os aspectos do caso. Seu líder, Shoko Asahara, e o dirigente Chizuo Matsumoto foram detidos, julgados e condenados à execução.
O episódio de 11 de setembro nos EUA resultou em 6 mil mortes, mas, antes dele, uma sucessão de casos de atentados terroristas, conflitos e guerras fez com que as Nações Unidas estabelecessem uma operação para a manutenção da paz (Peace Keeping Operation). Passou-se a realizar ações de auxílio emergencial por meio de exércitos e organizações de diversos países.
Sociedade, cultura e esportes
Desde a premiação de Kenzaburo Oe (prêmio de literatura), em 1994, seguiram-se muitos ganhadores do Prêmio Nobel. Em 2000, Hideki Shirakawa (Química); em 2001, Ryoji Noyori (Química); em 2002, Masatoshi Koshiba (Física e Química) e Koichi Tanaka (Química), totalizando 12 laureados. Nos esportes, foram realizadas as Olimpíadas de Inverno de Nagano, em 1998, e a Copa do Mundo, em 2002, em conjunto com a Coréia do Sul, que resultou num evento de grande popularidade. Em junho de 1989, faleceu a cantora Misora Hibari, aos 52 anos, de complicações de hepatite crônica e fratura no fêmur. Ela foi a primeira mulher a receber o Prêmio Nacional de Honra.
Em dezembro de 1990, o repórter Toyohiro Akiyama, 48, da TBS (Tokyo Hoso), embarcou na nave espacial soviética Soyuz TM-11. Foi o primeiro jornalista do mundo a
se lançar no espaço. Em 1994, a astronauta Chiaki Mukai foi a primeira mulher asiática a participar de um vôo espacial.
Política e economia
Até meados da década de 1980, o Japão era a segunda potência econômica do mundo e fazia elogio de sua riqueza material e de sua paz, mas, na Era Heisei o país assistiu ao fim da economia da bolha e à falência de inúmeras empresas, que foram compradas por empresas americanas ou européias. Por essa razão, intensificou-se não só a internacionalização das empresas como o intercâmbio de pessoas. O aumento de trabalhadores dekassegi, que se dedicavam aos trabalhos chamados de 3K (kitsui, duro, penoso; kitanai, sujo; kiken, perigoso) proporcionou à sociedade japonesa contato com outras culturas, porém com aumentado do número de crimes cometidos por estrangeiros desempregados, em decorrência de condições de trabalho instáveis. A economia encontrava-se estagnada, com o registro de índices negativos no crescimento a partir de 2000.
O primeiro-ministro Junichiro Koizumi, que assumiu em 2001, propôs uma “reforma estrutural acompanhada de dor”, fazendo apelos à população por compreensão e paciência.
Ao voltarmos o olhar para a Ásia, encontramos países como China, Coréia do Sul, Malásia, Cingapura e Vietnã ganhando expressão econômica, atraindo investimento de todo o mundo. O Japão possui tecnologia de informação e científica capazes de superar a concorrência internacional, mas se encontra num momento de necessidade de maior investimento em educação e tecnologia e de dedicação ao desenvolvimento de alta tecnologia. Tendo em mente um mundo cada vez mais globalizado, com a difusão da internet, o Japão deve construir uma sociedade verdadeiramente abundante, dinâmica e diversa, junto com os trabalhadores estrangeiros, valendo-se dos diferentes talentos de cada pessoa. Essa deve ser a contribuição do Japão ao mundo, o que poderá levar ao caminho da convivência e da paz.
Em 2008, o príncipe Naruhito esteve no Brasil no mês de junho para a comemoração do centenário da imigração japonesa ao solo brasileiro (18 de julho, dia exato da chegada dos primeiros japoneses). 2009 equivale atualmente ao 21º ano da Era Heisei no Calendário Imperial do Japão.
Disponível em:
Alguns dados sobre a "Terra do Sol Nascente"
Nome oficial: Japão (Nippon)
Capital: Tokyo
Nacionalidade: japonesa
Idioma oficial: japonês
Religião: xintoísmo e budismo (84%)
Território: 377.864 km2 (em quatro grandes ilhas – Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku e Hokkaido – e 6.848 outras menores)
Moeda: iene
Calendário: 2004 equivale ao 16º ano da Era Heisei no calendário japonês
População: 127,3 milhões (outubro 2001)
População urbana: 75%
Taxa de crescimento demográfico: 0,29% (2001)
Alfabetização: 99% (estimativa 1999)
Universidades: 669 (maio de 2001)
Leitos de hospital: 1.864.448 (2000)
Médicos: 1 para 555 pessoas (1996)
Expectativas de vida: Mulheres (84,6 anos); Homens (77,7 anos) – Dados 2000.
Mortalidade infantil: 3,2 por 1.000 crianças nascidas (2000)
Densidade demográfica: 339,8 pessoas por km² (1999)
Principais cidades: Tóquio (aglomerado urbano: 27.242.000 hab.; cidade: 7.966.195 hab.), Osaka (aglomerado urbano: 10.618.000 hab.; cidade: 2.602.352 hab.); Yokohama (3.307.136 hab.), Nagoya (2.152.184 hab.), Sapporo (1.757.025 hab.), Kyoto(1.463.822 hab.), Kobe (1.423.792 hab.).
Economia
PIB (em ienes): 532,96 trilhões (2002)
Renda per capita: US$ 24.036 (2002)
Crescimento do PIB: 1,7% (2000)
Força de trabalho: 65,87 milhões de pessoas
Exportações (em ienes): 48,979 trilhões (2001)
Importações (em ienes): 42,416 trilhões
Produção agrícola – Principais culturas: arroz, beterraba açucareira, hortaliças e frutas. Pecuária: avicultura. Pesca: maior frota pesqueira do mundo
Produção industrial – Principais indústrias: manufaturados de tecnologia avançada, equipamentos pesados elétricos, veículos e motores, equipamentos eletrônicos e de telecomunicações, máquinas de ferramentas e computadorizadas, sistemas de produção, locomotivas e equipamentos de transportes, estaleiros, produtos químicos, produtos têxtil, alimentos processados, instrumentos de precisão.
Principais parceiros comerciais: Estados Unidos, China, Europa Ocidental, Sudeste Asiático.
O País
Os esforços das indústrias e do governo, uma forte ética no trabalho, o completo domínio da tecnologia e os gastos com defesa proporcionalmente pequenos (cerca de 1% do PIB) foram alguns dos fatores que ajudaram o Japão a se tornar a segunda maior economia do planeta. Uma das características da economia do país é o perfeito relacionamento entre fabricantes, fornecedores e distribuidores, chamado "keiretsu". Por muito tempo também se destacou o emprego vitalício, privilégio que vem sendo eliminado pelas empresas.
A indústria é o principal motor da economia japonesa, apesar de depender quase que integralmente da importação de matérias primas e do petróleo. O setor agrícola, com menor peso, recebe fortes subsídios e proteção do governo. O país é auto-suficiente em arroz – o alimento básico da população – mas importa cerca de metade de cereais e demais alimentos.
Durante três décadas, o Japão manteve crescimento econômico espetacular: 10% nos anos 60 e de 5% nos anos 70 e 80. No entanto, entre 1992 e 1995 o ritmo teve uma desaceleração devido as novas medidas do governo para diminuir as especulações no mercado imobiliário. No final de 1995, a estrutura financeira também sofreu um baque provocado pelas centenas de milhões de dólares de dívidas não-declaradas.
Apesar desses percalços, a economia do Japão continuou forte graças ao superávit comercial, aos investimentos no estrangeiro, além da manutenção do baixo índice de desemprego (em comparação com os demais países desenvolvidos) e de inflação.
A falta de espaço para abrigar os mais os 127,3 milhões de habitantes e o envelhecimento da população continuam sendo os grandes problemas atuais do país.
Língua Japonesa
O Japão tem população de mais de 120 milhões de habitantes e, lingüisticamente, é quase uma nação homogênea, já que mais de 99% falam o mesmo idioma. Há várias teorias sobre a origem da língua japonesa. Muitos estudiosos acreditam ser sintaticamente muito próxima das línguas altaicas, como a turca e a mongol, e do coreano. Há ainda evidências que sua morfologia e vocabulário foram influenciados pelas línguas malaio-polinésias do sul.
O sistema de escrita japonês veio do chinês, apesar de as línguas faladas nos dois países serem completamente diferentes. Além dos kanjis (os ideogramas), os japoneses adotam duas escritas silábicas, o hiragana e o katakana.
Ainda hoje, um grande número de dialetos regionais é usado no Japão. O padrão lingüístico tende ser o falado em Tóquio, que está se expandindo por todo o país por meio da mídia, mas os dialetos usados em Kyoto e Osaka continuam firmes.
Disponível em:
O Japão Hoje, parte 3
A Educação
É bem possível que o índice de analfabetismo, no Japão de hoje, não vá além de 1%.
Este auspicioso fato se deve ao carinho e esmero com que o governo nipônico trata os assuntos educacionais, como ponto fundamental para e progresso e a elevação do nível de vida da população.
A escola é gratuita para os primeiros nove anos: seis de escola primária e três de nível ginasial. A seguir, o curso colegial dura três anos, no qual o aluno paga taxas módicas. Os cursos universitários duram em média, quatro anos.
Os 835.000 estudantes têm, à sua disposição, 250 universidades e institutos de ensino superior. Museus, bibliotecas e salas de exposição estão espalhados em quantidade, em todo o país, para consulta e complementação das aulas, ministradas conforme os métodos pedagógicos dos mais modernos.
Mas, esse alto nível de alfabetização do povo não foi alcançado da noite para o dia. É o resultado de 100 anos de árduos esforços e lutas, que se traduz nos 29.000 livros, nas 14.000 revistas, nos 100 diários. O povo japonês lê, em média, dois jornais por dia. A grande popularização dos modernos meios de comunicação, como o rádio e a televisão, contribui também para manter o povo japonês informado acerca de todos os acontecimentos do mundo e manter elevado o seu nível de cultura.
Os Transportes
Como em todas as grandes capitais da Europa, Tóquio, que conta atualmente com 10 milhões de habitantes, solucionou satisfatoriamente os problemas do trânsito.
A metrópole, que os visitantes têm oportunidade de admirar, mais parece uma cidade feita para concretizar os sonhos de Júlio Verne, tal a grandiosidade das suas obras de engenharia.
O espaço aéreo é aproveitado para a passagem dos monotrilhos, suspenso em pilares, que são fincados até mesmo no mar.
Duas e até três vias de trânsito, com várias pistas, se sobrepõem e cruzam em todos os sentidos, facilitando o escoamento rápido das correntes de tráfego.
É tradicional a pontualidade e a eficiência dos trens japoneses, de que se servem os operários, para irem ao trabalho.
Nesta cidade, tudo é planejado e executado no sentido de facilitar à passagem não só de pedestres, como também de veículos de todos os tipos.
As Artes
O amor do povo japonês pela beleza se manifesta de muitas maneiras e, de modo muito especial, nas artes.
A introdução da arte no Japão coincide com a entrada do Budismo, no século VI.
Quatro séculos depois que a Índia, a China e a Coréia exportaram as artes para a Terra do Sol Nascente, os japoneses haviam dado às mesmas um estilo inteiramente peculiar.
A escultura é mundialmente conhecida pelos seus monumentos espalhados por todo o país, em templos, castelos, etc.
O ikebana é uma das formas de arranjo e cultivo artístico das flores, famoso em todo o mundo.
Nas artes representativas, o teatro clássico de Nôh é a que mais se sobressai, desde tempos remotos. O teatro de marionetes, ou o Gunraku e o Kabuki também recebem do japonês uma atenção especial.
Todas as cidades grandes possuem orquestra sinfônica e os espetáculos de ópera e balé são bastante concorridos. Tóquio possui agora o Salão Metropolitano de Artes, que se tornou importante centro para todas as artes teatrais. Em Osaka, o Festival Internacional de Música atrai, anualmente, visitante do mundo inteiro. Em círculos artísticos mundiais, os pintores e artistas japoneses gozam de elevado conceito, e suas obras são incluídas em exposições internacionais.
Há muito tempo, os japoneses têm-se mostrado ativos no setor da literatura e das letras. Numerosas novelas foram traduzidas para idiomas estrangeiros nestes últimos anos e continuam gozando de grande popularidade entre os leitores do exterior.
Os Esportes
A participação do Japão na 18º Olimpíada Internacional realizada em Tóquio, em 1964, mostrou ao mundo que o povo japonês e um povo essencialmente amante das atividades esportivas.
A intensidade com que se aplica às ocupações profissionais a necessidade de estarem alertas contra os imprevisíveis fenômenos da natureza fazem do esporte uma atividade indispensável para os habitantes da Terra das Cerejeiras.
País eminentemente marítimo e cortado por numerosos rios, seus filhos não poderiam deixar de ser bons nadadores. Haja vista a participação dos mesmos em todos os campeonatos mundiais, com brilhantes resultados.
As montanhas e os morros cobertos de neve são um campo propicio para a prática do esqui. Esporte importado da América do Norte, exigindo rapidez e agilidade, o beisebol foi bem recebido pelos japoneses e é um dos mais populares atualmente. jogos modernos, como o futebol, o voleibol, o tênis, estão alcançando também bastante aceitação por parte da juventude.
Mas os tradicionais “sumô”, luta corporal que consiste em vencer o adversário fazendo-o tocar o chão, ou sair do ringue, o “judô”, ou a autodefesa, e o “kendô”, ou a esgrima japonesa, que usa varas de bambu, em lugar de espadas, não perderam sua popularidade antiga e ainda hoje os seus praticantes são numerosos.
O japonês sabe, desta maneira, unir o útil ao agradável: Diverte-se, mantendo o seu físico na mais perfeita forma, apto a enfrentar toda e qualquer situação.
Disponível em:. Acesso em 28/05/2009.
É bem possível que o índice de analfabetismo, no Japão de hoje, não vá além de 1%.
Este auspicioso fato se deve ao carinho e esmero com que o governo nipônico trata os assuntos educacionais, como ponto fundamental para e progresso e a elevação do nível de vida da população.
A escola é gratuita para os primeiros nove anos: seis de escola primária e três de nível ginasial. A seguir, o curso colegial dura três anos, no qual o aluno paga taxas módicas. Os cursos universitários duram em média, quatro anos.
Os 835.000 estudantes têm, à sua disposição, 250 universidades e institutos de ensino superior. Museus, bibliotecas e salas de exposição estão espalhados em quantidade, em todo o país, para consulta e complementação das aulas, ministradas conforme os métodos pedagógicos dos mais modernos.
Mas, esse alto nível de alfabetização do povo não foi alcançado da noite para o dia. É o resultado de 100 anos de árduos esforços e lutas, que se traduz nos 29.000 livros, nas 14.000 revistas, nos 100 diários. O povo japonês lê, em média, dois jornais por dia. A grande popularização dos modernos meios de comunicação, como o rádio e a televisão, contribui também para manter o povo japonês informado acerca de todos os acontecimentos do mundo e manter elevado o seu nível de cultura.
Os Transportes
Como em todas as grandes capitais da Europa, Tóquio, que conta atualmente com 10 milhões de habitantes, solucionou satisfatoriamente os problemas do trânsito.
A metrópole, que os visitantes têm oportunidade de admirar, mais parece uma cidade feita para concretizar os sonhos de Júlio Verne, tal a grandiosidade das suas obras de engenharia.
O espaço aéreo é aproveitado para a passagem dos monotrilhos, suspenso em pilares, que são fincados até mesmo no mar.
Duas e até três vias de trânsito, com várias pistas, se sobrepõem e cruzam em todos os sentidos, facilitando o escoamento rápido das correntes de tráfego.
É tradicional a pontualidade e a eficiência dos trens japoneses, de que se servem os operários, para irem ao trabalho.
Nesta cidade, tudo é planejado e executado no sentido de facilitar à passagem não só de pedestres, como também de veículos de todos os tipos.
As Artes
O amor do povo japonês pela beleza se manifesta de muitas maneiras e, de modo muito especial, nas artes.
A introdução da arte no Japão coincide com a entrada do Budismo, no século VI.
Quatro séculos depois que a Índia, a China e a Coréia exportaram as artes para a Terra do Sol Nascente, os japoneses haviam dado às mesmas um estilo inteiramente peculiar.
A escultura é mundialmente conhecida pelos seus monumentos espalhados por todo o país, em templos, castelos, etc.
O ikebana é uma das formas de arranjo e cultivo artístico das flores, famoso em todo o mundo.
Nas artes representativas, o teatro clássico de Nôh é a que mais se sobressai, desde tempos remotos. O teatro de marionetes, ou o Gunraku e o Kabuki também recebem do japonês uma atenção especial.
Todas as cidades grandes possuem orquestra sinfônica e os espetáculos de ópera e balé são bastante concorridos. Tóquio possui agora o Salão Metropolitano de Artes, que se tornou importante centro para todas as artes teatrais. Em Osaka, o Festival Internacional de Música atrai, anualmente, visitante do mundo inteiro. Em círculos artísticos mundiais, os pintores e artistas japoneses gozam de elevado conceito, e suas obras são incluídas em exposições internacionais.
Há muito tempo, os japoneses têm-se mostrado ativos no setor da literatura e das letras. Numerosas novelas foram traduzidas para idiomas estrangeiros nestes últimos anos e continuam gozando de grande popularidade entre os leitores do exterior.
Os Esportes
A participação do Japão na 18º Olimpíada Internacional realizada em Tóquio, em 1964, mostrou ao mundo que o povo japonês e um povo essencialmente amante das atividades esportivas.
A intensidade com que se aplica às ocupações profissionais a necessidade de estarem alertas contra os imprevisíveis fenômenos da natureza fazem do esporte uma atividade indispensável para os habitantes da Terra das Cerejeiras.
País eminentemente marítimo e cortado por numerosos rios, seus filhos não poderiam deixar de ser bons nadadores. Haja vista a participação dos mesmos em todos os campeonatos mundiais, com brilhantes resultados.
As montanhas e os morros cobertos de neve são um campo propicio para a prática do esqui. Esporte importado da América do Norte, exigindo rapidez e agilidade, o beisebol foi bem recebido pelos japoneses e é um dos mais populares atualmente. jogos modernos, como o futebol, o voleibol, o tênis, estão alcançando também bastante aceitação por parte da juventude.
Mas os tradicionais “sumô”, luta corporal que consiste em vencer o adversário fazendo-o tocar o chão, ou sair do ringue, o “judô”, ou a autodefesa, e o “kendô”, ou a esgrima japonesa, que usa varas de bambu, em lugar de espadas, não perderam sua popularidade antiga e ainda hoje os seus praticantes são numerosos.
O japonês sabe, desta maneira, unir o útil ao agradável: Diverte-se, mantendo o seu físico na mais perfeita forma, apto a enfrentar toda e qualquer situação.
Disponível em:
O Japão Hoje, parte 2
A Agricultura
A economia japonesa depende ainda, em grande parte, da agricultura. 33% dos habitantes fazem, dela o seu ganha pão. Entretanto, a cada dia que passa, essa porcentagem diminui, em virtude da procura de melhores condições de vida das famílias, nas zonas urbanas.
Devido ao grande número de montanhas existentes no país e à estreiteza do território, restam apenas 16%, ou 59.150 quilômetros quadrados de terra cultivável, onde os agricultores aproveitam avaravelmente, palmo a palmo, não só nos vales, como também nas encostas das montanhas. O consumo de fertilizantes é muito grande e tornam-se cada vez mais populares as técnicas modernas de cultivo motorizado.
O principal produto do Japão é o arroz, cuja produção por hectare é a maior do mundo. Vêm, a seguir, o trigo, o centeio, o chá, a batata inglesa, o fumo, a soja e as folhas de amoreira para o bicho da seda. O solo e o clima do Japão favorecem também a plantação das mais variadas frutas, entre as quais, a tangerina, a maçã, o morango e o pêssego.
Verifica-se, atualmente, uma notável expansão das vacas leiteiras, em virtude do aumento de consumo, por parte da população, de produtos derivados do leite.
Entretanto, também a produção de laticínios é pequena, devido à limitação de pastagens e a exigüidade de terra aproveitável para o cultivo obriga o Japão a importar até mesmo os cereais, que são produzidos no país.
A Pesca
Se, de um lado, o território nipônico sofre uma grande deficiência de terra arável, a natureza o dotou generosamente de considerável parte do oceano, que o circunda por todos os lados.
E, desse fato, o japonês procura tirar o melhor proveito possível, extraindo do mar todos os seus produtos.
Assim, a indústria pesqueira é uma das mais importantes, havendo, em cada povoação litorânea, pequenas ou grandes frotas de pesca, não só para a zona costeira, mas também para o alto mar. Em tonelagem de pesca, o Japão ocupa o segundo lugar no mundo.
O consumo médio de pescado per capita é de 27 quilos por ano, enquanto o de outras carnes é de apenas 8 quilos.
O pescado, além de se constituir em excelente manancial de alimentos para o povo japonês, é importante fonte de exportação e deu aos seus pescadores a oportunidade de descobrir, desenvolver e aplicar, em grande escala, a produção de pérolas cultivadas.
O processo consiste em introduzir um pequeno fragmento de concha no interior de cada ostra. A seguir, as ostras são empilhadas em gaiolas de arame e mergulhadas no mar, sendo de lá retiradas, depois de certo tempo, com a pérola em seu redor.
A Indústria
Após a segunda guerra, que arrasou quase por completo a potência nacional, o povo japonês reergueu-se com uma energia surpreendente. Tudo começou novamente do nada. Vinte anos passados, o Japão se impôs no mercado mundial, com seus produtos industriais.
A construção naval, largamente auxiliada pelo fato de o ser um país marítimo, está em primeiro lugar no mundo. Estaleiros gigantes foram montados em várias nações. Petroleiros japoneses sulcam os cinco oceanos do globo.
A indústria de transportes carris é uma das que mais se desenvolvem, tendo sido produzidas 1.300.000 de unidades de automóveis, caminhões e ônibus em 1963.
A meticulosidade e o gosto pelos detalhes fizeram dos japoneses afamados técnicos em miniaturização, surgindo de sua especialidade variados aparelhos em tamanhos minúsculos.
Também a indústria de produtos químicos alcançou um grande desenvolvimento, passando a ocupar o terceiro lugar do mundo.
Os operários japoneses são conhecidos pela sua operosidade. A maior parte deles está organizada individualmente por indústria, isto é, todos os operários de uma determinada indústria, independentemente do tipo de trabalho que executam, pertencem ao mesmo sindicato. Cerca de 35% dos operários são sindicalizados.
Comercio Exterior
A escassez de matérias primas básicas e o aumento sempre crescente de produtos manufaturados no Japão fazem do comércio exterior um dos meios indispensáveis à sua sobrevivência.
Borracha, petróleo bruto, minério de ferro, algodão em rama, lã, açúcar e trigo são produtos que devem ser importados.
Por outro lado, o Japão exporta produtos metálicos. Químicos e de maquinaria, perfazendo os 48% do total de vendas ao exterior; produtos têxteis são também exportados em grande escala; dia a dia vem aumentando o fornecimento pelo Japão de produtos manufaturados, como máquinas fotográficas e de costura, rádios transistores, madeira compensada, automóveis e navios.
Os Estados Unidos são os maiores compradores dos produtos japoneses e, ao mesmo tempo, os que maior número de produtos fornecem ao pais do Sol Nascente. Em termos de área, a Ásia é a maior importadora, seguida pela América do Norte.
Para facilitar e incrementar não só as exportações, como as importações, o Japão colabora com os demais países, na redução das tarifas aduaneiras, como membro do G. A. T. T. (Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas Alfandegárias).
A economia japonesa depende ainda, em grande parte, da agricultura. 33% dos habitantes fazem, dela o seu ganha pão. Entretanto, a cada dia que passa, essa porcentagem diminui, em virtude da procura de melhores condições de vida das famílias, nas zonas urbanas.
Devido ao grande número de montanhas existentes no país e à estreiteza do território, restam apenas 16%, ou 59.150 quilômetros quadrados de terra cultivável, onde os agricultores aproveitam avaravelmente, palmo a palmo, não só nos vales, como também nas encostas das montanhas. O consumo de fertilizantes é muito grande e tornam-se cada vez mais populares as técnicas modernas de cultivo motorizado.
O principal produto do Japão é o arroz, cuja produção por hectare é a maior do mundo. Vêm, a seguir, o trigo, o centeio, o chá, a batata inglesa, o fumo, a soja e as folhas de amoreira para o bicho da seda. O solo e o clima do Japão favorecem também a plantação das mais variadas frutas, entre as quais, a tangerina, a maçã, o morango e o pêssego.
Verifica-se, atualmente, uma notável expansão das vacas leiteiras, em virtude do aumento de consumo, por parte da população, de produtos derivados do leite.
Entretanto, também a produção de laticínios é pequena, devido à limitação de pastagens e a exigüidade de terra aproveitável para o cultivo obriga o Japão a importar até mesmo os cereais, que são produzidos no país.
A Pesca
Se, de um lado, o território nipônico sofre uma grande deficiência de terra arável, a natureza o dotou generosamente de considerável parte do oceano, que o circunda por todos os lados.
E, desse fato, o japonês procura tirar o melhor proveito possível, extraindo do mar todos os seus produtos.
Assim, a indústria pesqueira é uma das mais importantes, havendo, em cada povoação litorânea, pequenas ou grandes frotas de pesca, não só para a zona costeira, mas também para o alto mar. Em tonelagem de pesca, o Japão ocupa o segundo lugar no mundo.
O consumo médio de pescado per capita é de 27 quilos por ano, enquanto o de outras carnes é de apenas 8 quilos.
O pescado, além de se constituir em excelente manancial de alimentos para o povo japonês, é importante fonte de exportação e deu aos seus pescadores a oportunidade de descobrir, desenvolver e aplicar, em grande escala, a produção de pérolas cultivadas.
O processo consiste em introduzir um pequeno fragmento de concha no interior de cada ostra. A seguir, as ostras são empilhadas em gaiolas de arame e mergulhadas no mar, sendo de lá retiradas, depois de certo tempo, com a pérola em seu redor.
A Indústria
Após a segunda guerra, que arrasou quase por completo a potência nacional, o povo japonês reergueu-se com uma energia surpreendente. Tudo começou novamente do nada. Vinte anos passados, o Japão se impôs no mercado mundial, com seus produtos industriais.
A construção naval, largamente auxiliada pelo fato de o ser um país marítimo, está em primeiro lugar no mundo. Estaleiros gigantes foram montados em várias nações. Petroleiros japoneses sulcam os cinco oceanos do globo.
A indústria de transportes carris é uma das que mais se desenvolvem, tendo sido produzidas 1.300.000 de unidades de automóveis, caminhões e ônibus em 1963.
A meticulosidade e o gosto pelos detalhes fizeram dos japoneses afamados técnicos em miniaturização, surgindo de sua especialidade variados aparelhos em tamanhos minúsculos.
Também a indústria de produtos químicos alcançou um grande desenvolvimento, passando a ocupar o terceiro lugar do mundo.
Os operários japoneses são conhecidos pela sua operosidade. A maior parte deles está organizada individualmente por indústria, isto é, todos os operários de uma determinada indústria, independentemente do tipo de trabalho que executam, pertencem ao mesmo sindicato. Cerca de 35% dos operários são sindicalizados.
Comercio Exterior
A escassez de matérias primas básicas e o aumento sempre crescente de produtos manufaturados no Japão fazem do comércio exterior um dos meios indispensáveis à sua sobrevivência.
Borracha, petróleo bruto, minério de ferro, algodão em rama, lã, açúcar e trigo são produtos que devem ser importados.
Por outro lado, o Japão exporta produtos metálicos. Químicos e de maquinaria, perfazendo os 48% do total de vendas ao exterior; produtos têxteis são também exportados em grande escala; dia a dia vem aumentando o fornecimento pelo Japão de produtos manufaturados, como máquinas fotográficas e de costura, rádios transistores, madeira compensada, automóveis e navios.
Os Estados Unidos são os maiores compradores dos produtos japoneses e, ao mesmo tempo, os que maior número de produtos fornecem ao pais do Sol Nascente. Em termos de área, a Ásia é a maior importadora, seguida pela América do Norte.
Para facilitar e incrementar não só as exportações, como as importações, o Japão colabora com os demais países, na redução das tarifas aduaneiras, como membro do G. A. T. T. (Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas Alfandegárias).
O Japão Hoje, parte 1
O Governo
A Constituição atual, em vigor desde três de maio de 1947, fez do Japão um país de democracia representativa.
O poder legislativo é exercido pelo Parlamento, eleito pelo povo. Compõe-se da Câmara de Deputados, com 467 membros, eleitos para um mandato de quatro anos e da Câmara de Conselheiros, com 250 membros, com mandato de seis anos, sendo que para metade deles, é somente de três. Homens e mulheres que completaram 20 anos gozam do direito de voto, em todas as eleições.
Existem atualmente, no Japão; três partidos políticos: o Liberal Democrático, (único partido conservador atual), o Socialista e o Social Democrático.
O Chefe do Executivo é o Primeiro Ministro, eleito pela Direita, sendo, quase sempre, o líder da maioria. As dezesseis pastas do governo são preenchidas por civis escolhidos pelo Primeiro Ministro, entre os membros do Parlamento, sendo denominados Ministros de Estado.
A política do Primeiro Ministro depende da aprovação do Parlamento, através do voto de confiança dado por este. Caso aconteça o contrário, dois fatos podem ocorrer: ou o Primeiro Ministro renuncia imediatamente e, com ele, os Ministros de Estado e é substituído por outro, eleito pelos membros do Parlamento que, por sua vez, escolhem o novo chefe do Executivo.
O poder Judiciário está nas mãos do Supremo Tribunal, composto do presidente e de catorze juizes e pelos tribunais inferiores, independentes do Gabinete e do Parlamento.
A administração regional é feita por 46 prefeituras, em que está dividido o território. Todas as prefeituras, cidades e povoações possuem assembléias locais, cujos membros são eleitos diretamente pelo povo.
Os Habitantes
A origem exata do povo japonês é desconhecida. Há algumas versões, segundo as quais o japonês é oriundo da Ásia setentrional, ou da China Meridional, ou das ilhas do Pacifico sul.
Em 1964, a população do Japão foi estimada em 96.660.000 habitantes, cifra que coloca o país no 72º lugar, entre os paises mais populosos. Como, porém, o espaço habitável é muito pequeno, devido ao grande número de montanhas, o Japão se torna um dos mais densamente povoados do mundo. Basta dizer que cerca de 40% da população vive numa área correspondente a 1% da superfície total.
Também lá existe o problema do êxodo rural. A vida mais cômoda das cidades atrai número cada vez maior de homens do campo. Tóquio, a capital, já conta com 10 milhões de habitantes. Existem seis cidades, cuja população é acima de um milhão: Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, Kyoto e Kitakyushu.
Enquanto a vida no campo apresenta um aspecto de calma e monotonia, embora também lá o progresso já tenha penetrado, na cidade a atividade é intensa é evoluída: lojas e casas comerciais sempre lotadas, cinemas e casas de diversões em quantidade, trânsito intenso, com linhas ferroviárias e subterrâneas, cruzando-se por todos os lados, etc.
Apesar do progresso vertiginoso, que caracteriza a moderna Terra do Sol Nascente, o povo continua apegado às suas mais queridas tradições. O prestigio do Imperador é inabalável no espírito do japonês. O seu aniversário natalício, aos 29 de abril, é comemorado de norte a sul do país. O Ano Novo é acolhido pelo povo com festas solenes, como o símbolo de vida nova e de novos horizontes, O nascimento de Buda, fundador de uma das religiões mais cultuadas do mundo, é comemorado pomposamente pelos seus adeptos.
Estes fatos mostram que o povo japonês sabe ser progressista sem, contudo, desprezar os verdadeiros valores dos seus antepassados.
A Constituição atual, em vigor desde três de maio de 1947, fez do Japão um país de democracia representativa.
O poder legislativo é exercido pelo Parlamento, eleito pelo povo. Compõe-se da Câmara de Deputados, com 467 membros, eleitos para um mandato de quatro anos e da Câmara de Conselheiros, com 250 membros, com mandato de seis anos, sendo que para metade deles, é somente de três. Homens e mulheres que completaram 20 anos gozam do direito de voto, em todas as eleições.
Existem atualmente, no Japão; três partidos políticos: o Liberal Democrático, (único partido conservador atual), o Socialista e o Social Democrático.
O Chefe do Executivo é o Primeiro Ministro, eleito pela Direita, sendo, quase sempre, o líder da maioria. As dezesseis pastas do governo são preenchidas por civis escolhidos pelo Primeiro Ministro, entre os membros do Parlamento, sendo denominados Ministros de Estado.
A política do Primeiro Ministro depende da aprovação do Parlamento, através do voto de confiança dado por este. Caso aconteça o contrário, dois fatos podem ocorrer: ou o Primeiro Ministro renuncia imediatamente e, com ele, os Ministros de Estado e é substituído por outro, eleito pelos membros do Parlamento que, por sua vez, escolhem o novo chefe do Executivo.
O poder Judiciário está nas mãos do Supremo Tribunal, composto do presidente e de catorze juizes e pelos tribunais inferiores, independentes do Gabinete e do Parlamento.
A administração regional é feita por 46 prefeituras, em que está dividido o território. Todas as prefeituras, cidades e povoações possuem assembléias locais, cujos membros são eleitos diretamente pelo povo.
Os Habitantes
A origem exata do povo japonês é desconhecida. Há algumas versões, segundo as quais o japonês é oriundo da Ásia setentrional, ou da China Meridional, ou das ilhas do Pacifico sul.
Em 1964, a população do Japão foi estimada em 96.660.000 habitantes, cifra que coloca o país no 72º lugar, entre os paises mais populosos. Como, porém, o espaço habitável é muito pequeno, devido ao grande número de montanhas, o Japão se torna um dos mais densamente povoados do mundo. Basta dizer que cerca de 40% da população vive numa área correspondente a 1% da superfície total.
Também lá existe o problema do êxodo rural. A vida mais cômoda das cidades atrai número cada vez maior de homens do campo. Tóquio, a capital, já conta com 10 milhões de habitantes. Existem seis cidades, cuja população é acima de um milhão: Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, Kyoto e Kitakyushu.
Enquanto a vida no campo apresenta um aspecto de calma e monotonia, embora também lá o progresso já tenha penetrado, na cidade a atividade é intensa é evoluída: lojas e casas comerciais sempre lotadas, cinemas e casas de diversões em quantidade, trânsito intenso, com linhas ferroviárias e subterrâneas, cruzando-se por todos os lados, etc.
Apesar do progresso vertiginoso, que caracteriza a moderna Terra do Sol Nascente, o povo continua apegado às suas mais queridas tradições. O prestigio do Imperador é inabalável no espírito do japonês. O seu aniversário natalício, aos 29 de abril, é comemorado de norte a sul do país. O Ano Novo é acolhido pelo povo com festas solenes, como o símbolo de vida nova e de novos horizontes, O nascimento de Buda, fundador de uma das religiões mais cultuadas do mundo, é comemorado pomposamente pelos seus adeptos.
Estes fatos mostram que o povo japonês sabe ser progressista sem, contudo, desprezar os verdadeiros valores dos seus antepassados.
quinta-feira, 28 de maio de 2009
West Frisian Lessons (from 1 to 8)
West Frisian (Frysk) / English / German (Deutsch)
Les ien / Lesson one / Lektion ein
PYT: Goeie, Jan! Hello, Jan! / Hallo, Jan!
JAN: Goeie, Pyt! Hello, Pyt! / Hallo, Pyt!
P. Hoe is it mei dy? How are you? / Wie geht es dir?
J. Mei my giet it goed. I’m fine. / Mir geht es gut.
Les twa / Lesson two / Lektion zwei
PYT: De fyts is âld. The bicycle is old. / Das Fahrrad ist alt.
JAN: It hûs is nij. The house is new. / Das Haus ist neu.
P. De weinen binne ek nij. The cars are also new. / Die Autos sind auch neu.
J. Mar de ko is jong. But the cow is young. / Aber die Kuh ist jung.
P. De hûn is ek jong. The dog is also young. / Der Hund ist auch jung.
J. En de fytsen binne nij. And the bicycles are new. / Und die Fahrräder sind neu.
P. Mar de jas is net nij. But the coat isn’t new. / Aber der Mantel is nicht neu.
Les trije / Lesson three / Lektion drei
PYT: Bist do noch boer? Are you still a farmer? / Bist du noch ein Bauer?
JAN: Ja, ik bin noch boer. En do ek? Yes, I’m still a farmer. Are you not? / Ja, ich bin immer noch ein Bauer. Bist du nicht?
P. Nee, ik haw no in winkel. No, now I have a shop. / Nein, nun habe ich ein Geschäft.
J. Dan hast do it drok. So you are busy. / Dann bist du geschäftigt.
Les fjouwer / Lesson four / Lektion vier
Adverb order:
In West Frisian
(1. place / 2. time / 3. manner)
In English
(1. manner / 2. place / 3. time)
In German
(1. time / 2. manner / 3. place)
PYT: Jim kinne hjir hjoed wol ite. You can eat well here today. Du kannst heute gut hier essen.
JAN: Mar past jim dat wol? But do you mean that well?
P. Ja wis, ús kast is fol. Of course, our cupboard is full. Gewiß, unser Schrank ist voll.
J. Tanke wol dan! Thank you very much! Danke schön denn!
P. Jim hawwe juster grif ek net sa folle hân. I’m sure you didn’t have so much yesterday. Du hast sicher gestern nicht zuviel gehabt!
J. Nee, mei sa 'n reis krijt men gau te min. No, mit such a journey one gets easily too little. Nein, mit so eine Reise bekommt man bald zu wenig.
Les fiif / Lesson five / Lektion fünf
PYT: Wolst do ek sûker yn 'e tee ha? Do you also want sugar in your tea? Möchtest du auch Zucker in der Tee?
JAN: Nee, tanke. No, thanks. Nein, danke.
.. Wat sille wy fierder dwaan? What else will we do? Werden wir noch etwas tun?
P. Wy geane aanst nei de buorren. We’ll go to the village center. Wir gehen bald in die Dorfmitte.
J. Dat liket my wol goed ta. It sounds very good. Es gefällt mir sehr.
P. Hjir is noch in hompke tsiis foar dy. A small piece of cheese is left here for you. Hier ist dir noch ein Stückchen.
J. Dêr kin ik wol sêd fan wurde. Then I can be satisfied. Da kan ich ganz satt sein.
Les seis / Lesson six / Lektion sechs
JAN: Geane de froulju mei ús? Will the women come along? Kommen die Frauen mit?
PYT: Nee, ik woe mar tegearre gean. No, I’d like only both of us to go. Nein, ich möchte nur uns beide dorthin.
J. Troch hokker doar moatte wy? Through which door we have to go? Durch welche Tür müssen wir gehen?
P. Wy kinne troch beide doarren. We can go through both doors. Wir können durch die beide gehen.
J. It reint in bytsje, it is wiet waar. It is raining a bit, it’s wet out there. Es regnet ein bisschen und es ist naß da draußen.
P. Wy kinne wol oer wat wiette, net? We can go in the wetness, can’t we? Wir können ja über diese Näße gehen, oder?
J. Ja, ik haw in goede pet op'e holle. Yes, I’m wearing a good cap. Ja, ich habe eine gute Schirmmütze auf.
P. En ik draach in tichte jas! And I’m wearing an water-proof coat! Und ich habe einen wasserdichten Mantel an!
Les sân / Lesson seven / Lektion sieben
PYT: Sjoch, de bern boartsje by skoalle. See, the children are playing at school. Sieh, die Kinder spielen in der Schule.
JAN: Se binne wakker oan it sjongen. They are singing intensely. Sie singen gerade tüchtig.
P. Ik tink dat se it mâl waar yn 'e holle hawwe. I think they are restless. Ich denke, dass sie unruhig sind.
J. Tink derom, der rint ien oer de wei. Attention! someone is walking on the way. Achtung! Es geht jemand auf dem Weg.
P. Dat gie mar krekt goed. That was pretty well. Das ist aber gut gewesen.
J. Sa, no hawwe wy dochs efkes fuort west. So, now we have been out for a while all the same. Dann haben wir dennoch einen Augenblick weggewesen.
Les acht / Lesson eight / Lektion acht
JAN: It is hjoed ús heit syn jierdei. The birthday of our father is today. Heute ist der Geburtstag unsers Vaters.
PYT: Lokwinske! Hoe âld wurdt er? Congratulations! How old will he turn? Herzliche Glückwunsch! Wie alt wird er werden?
J. Hy wurdt al fyftich jier. He’ll turn fifty years old. Er wird fünfzig Jahre alt werden.
P. No, sa âld is ús mem noch net. Well, our mother isn’t so old yet. Na ja, unser Mutter ist noch nicht so alt.
J. Hoe âld is dy dan? How old is she then? Wie alt ist sie denn?
P. Se is noch mar acht en fjirtich. She is still fourty-eight. Sie ist noch nur achtundvierzig.
J. Dan is jim mem âlder as uzes. Then your mother is older than ours. Dann ist deine Mutter älter als unsere.
P. Wannear is jim mem har jierdei dan? When will your mother’s birthbay be? Wann ist denn der Geburtstag deiner Mutter?
J. Nije wike sneon. Next week on Saturday. Nächste Woche, am Samstag
P. Dan hawwe jim gau wer in feest! So you’ll have soon another party! Dan hast du wieder bald noch ein Fest!
Les ien / Lesson one / Lektion ein
PYT: Goeie, Jan! Hello, Jan! / Hallo, Jan!
JAN: Goeie, Pyt! Hello, Pyt! / Hallo, Pyt!
P. Hoe is it mei dy? How are you? / Wie geht es dir?
J. Mei my giet it goed. I’m fine. / Mir geht es gut.
Les twa / Lesson two / Lektion zwei
PYT: De fyts is âld. The bicycle is old. / Das Fahrrad ist alt.
JAN: It hûs is nij. The house is new. / Das Haus ist neu.
P. De weinen binne ek nij. The cars are also new. / Die Autos sind auch neu.
J. Mar de ko is jong. But the cow is young. / Aber die Kuh ist jung.
P. De hûn is ek jong. The dog is also young. / Der Hund ist auch jung.
J. En de fytsen binne nij. And the bicycles are new. / Und die Fahrräder sind neu.
P. Mar de jas is net nij. But the coat isn’t new. / Aber der Mantel is nicht neu.
Les trije / Lesson three / Lektion drei
PYT: Bist do noch boer? Are you still a farmer? / Bist du noch ein Bauer?
JAN: Ja, ik bin noch boer. En do ek? Yes, I’m still a farmer. Are you not? / Ja, ich bin immer noch ein Bauer. Bist du nicht?
P. Nee, ik haw no in winkel. No, now I have a shop. / Nein, nun habe ich ein Geschäft.
J. Dan hast do it drok. So you are busy. / Dann bist du geschäftigt.
Les fjouwer / Lesson four / Lektion vier
Adverb order:
In West Frisian
(1. place / 2. time / 3. manner)
In English
(1. manner / 2. place / 3. time)
In German
(1. time / 2. manner / 3. place)
PYT: Jim kinne hjir hjoed wol ite. You can eat well here today. Du kannst heute gut hier essen.
JAN: Mar past jim dat wol? But do you mean that well?
P. Ja wis, ús kast is fol. Of course, our cupboard is full. Gewiß, unser Schrank ist voll.
J. Tanke wol dan! Thank you very much! Danke schön denn!
P. Jim hawwe juster grif ek net sa folle hân. I’m sure you didn’t have so much yesterday. Du hast sicher gestern nicht zuviel gehabt!
J. Nee, mei sa 'n reis krijt men gau te min. No, mit such a journey one gets easily too little. Nein, mit so eine Reise bekommt man bald zu wenig.
Les fiif / Lesson five / Lektion fünf
PYT: Wolst do ek sûker yn 'e tee ha? Do you also want sugar in your tea? Möchtest du auch Zucker in der Tee?
JAN: Nee, tanke. No, thanks. Nein, danke.
.. Wat sille wy fierder dwaan? What else will we do? Werden wir noch etwas tun?
P. Wy geane aanst nei de buorren. We’ll go to the village center. Wir gehen bald in die Dorfmitte.
J. Dat liket my wol goed ta. It sounds very good. Es gefällt mir sehr.
P. Hjir is noch in hompke tsiis foar dy. A small piece of cheese is left here for you. Hier ist dir noch ein Stückchen.
J. Dêr kin ik wol sêd fan wurde. Then I can be satisfied. Da kan ich ganz satt sein.
Les seis / Lesson six / Lektion sechs
JAN: Geane de froulju mei ús? Will the women come along? Kommen die Frauen mit?
PYT: Nee, ik woe mar tegearre gean. No, I’d like only both of us to go. Nein, ich möchte nur uns beide dorthin.
J. Troch hokker doar moatte wy? Through which door we have to go? Durch welche Tür müssen wir gehen?
P. Wy kinne troch beide doarren. We can go through both doors. Wir können durch die beide gehen.
J. It reint in bytsje, it is wiet waar. It is raining a bit, it’s wet out there. Es regnet ein bisschen und es ist naß da draußen.
P. Wy kinne wol oer wat wiette, net? We can go in the wetness, can’t we? Wir können ja über diese Näße gehen, oder?
J. Ja, ik haw in goede pet op'e holle. Yes, I’m wearing a good cap. Ja, ich habe eine gute Schirmmütze auf.
P. En ik draach in tichte jas! And I’m wearing an water-proof coat! Und ich habe einen wasserdichten Mantel an!
Les sân / Lesson seven / Lektion sieben
PYT: Sjoch, de bern boartsje by skoalle. See, the children are playing at school. Sieh, die Kinder spielen in der Schule.
JAN: Se binne wakker oan it sjongen. They are singing intensely. Sie singen gerade tüchtig.
P. Ik tink dat se it mâl waar yn 'e holle hawwe. I think they are restless. Ich denke, dass sie unruhig sind.
J. Tink derom, der rint ien oer de wei. Attention! someone is walking on the way. Achtung! Es geht jemand auf dem Weg.
P. Dat gie mar krekt goed. That was pretty well. Das ist aber gut gewesen.
J. Sa, no hawwe wy dochs efkes fuort west. So, now we have been out for a while all the same. Dann haben wir dennoch einen Augenblick weggewesen.
Les acht / Lesson eight / Lektion acht
JAN: It is hjoed ús heit syn jierdei. The birthday of our father is today. Heute ist der Geburtstag unsers Vaters.
PYT: Lokwinske! Hoe âld wurdt er? Congratulations! How old will he turn? Herzliche Glückwunsch! Wie alt wird er werden?
J. Hy wurdt al fyftich jier. He’ll turn fifty years old. Er wird fünfzig Jahre alt werden.
P. No, sa âld is ús mem noch net. Well, our mother isn’t so old yet. Na ja, unser Mutter ist noch nicht so alt.
J. Hoe âld is dy dan? How old is she then? Wie alt ist sie denn?
P. Se is noch mar acht en fjirtich. She is still fourty-eight. Sie ist noch nur achtundvierzig.
J. Dan is jim mem âlder as uzes. Then your mother is older than ours. Dann ist deine Mutter älter als unsere.
P. Wannear is jim mem har jierdei dan? When will your mother’s birthbay be? Wann ist denn der Geburtstag deiner Mutter?
J. Nije wike sneon. Next week on Saturday. Nächste Woche, am Samstag
P. Dan hawwe jim gau wer in feest! So you’ll have soon another party! Dan hast du wieder bald noch ein Fest!
Páginas sobre a língua japonesa
Listei alguns sites na internet sobre a língua japonesa. Algumas são em inglês.
I've listed some websites on the japanese language. Some of them are written in Portuguese. Yu katayoa vatibao lavi nubeitoa yas aybu ojao. La boakilei rekalao nubeitoa maoybu.
http://www.linguajaponesa.com.br/a-forma-te-dos-verbos-em-japones/
http://www.timwerx.net/language/jpverbs/lesson55.htm
http://www.japonesnapratica.com/2009/04/verbos-na-forma-te-iru/
http://www.japonesnapratica.com/2009/04/verbos-na-forma-te/
http://www.nippobrasil.com.br/2.semanal.aula/
http://www.sonoo.com.br/Pequenodesviodetempo.html
http://japanese.about.com/od/grammarlessons/a/031101c.htm
http://japanese.about.com/library/bl_verbs.htm
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/babel-site/japonais.htm
http://www.aprendendojapones.com/
I've listed some websites on the japanese language. Some of them are written in Portuguese. Yu katayoa vatibao lavi nubeitoa yas aybu ojao. La boakilei rekalao nubeitoa maoybu.
http://www.linguajaponesa.com.br/a-forma-te-dos-verbos-em-japones/
http://www.timwerx.net/language/jpverbs/lesson55.htm
http://www.japonesnapratica.com/2009/04/verbos-na-forma-te-iru/
http://www.japonesnapratica.com/2009/04/verbos-na-forma-te/
http://www.nippobrasil.com.br/2.semanal.aula/
http://www.sonoo.com.br/Pequenodesviodetempo.html
http://japanese.about.com/od/grammarlessons/a/031101c.htm
http://japanese.about.com/library/bl_verbs.htm
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/babel-site/japonais.htm
http://www.aprendendojapones.com/
A little Hiri Motu - Um pouco de Hiri Motu
Hiri Motu is the common language of Papua New Guinea which developed from a local language called "Motu". It is the official language of that island, together with Tok Pisin, a blend of English and native languages.
Technically, both languages are considered "pidgins" by the linguists. A "pidgin" is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade.
Pronouns
I - Lau
You (singular) - Oi
You...plural... - Umui
He, she, it - ia
They - idia
We (inclusive, I and you) - ita
We (exclusive we but you) - ai
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Pronouns
My - Egu
Mine - Lau-egu
Your (singular) - Emu
Yours (singular) - Oi-emu
Your (plural) - Emui
Yours (plural) - Umui-emui
His, her, it - Ena
His, hers, its - iena
Their - Edia
Theirs - idia-edia
Our (exclusive) - Emai
Ours (exclusive) - Ai-emai
Our (inclusive) - Eda
Ours (inclusive) - iseda
How are you? (singular) - Oi namo?
Yes, I’m fine - io, lau namo.
How are you? (plural) - Umui namo?
Yes, we’re fine - io, ai namo
Good day! - Dina namona!
Good morning - Daba namona!
Good afternoon - Adorahi namona!
Good evening - Hanuaboi namona!
Goodbye - Ba mahuta!
Yes - io
Yes - Oibe
No - Lasi
I'm not sure – Sedira...
I couldn't care less – Sedira.
That's for sure! – Momokani!
Wait a moment! – Dohore!
Stop! – Vadaeni!
That will suffice. – Vadaeni.
That’s enough – Vadaeni.
Please – Mani
Please – Mani emu kara
Please – Pilisi
Good – Namo
Very good - Namo herea
Thank you – Tanikiu
Who? – Daika?
What? – Dahaka?
Who is that? – Unai be daika?
What is this? – Inai be dahaka?
What is the name of this? – Inai gau ena ladana be dahaka?
What is that boy's name? – Unai mero ena ladana be daika?
Whose? – Daika ena?
How many? – Dida?
How many altogether? – Ibounai hida?
How much for this fish? – Inai gwarume ena davana hida?
Which? – Edena?
Which do you want? – Oi ura edena?
Which do you want? – Edena oi ura?
When did he come? – Edena negai ia mai?
How shall I do it? – Edena bamona lau karaia?
Where? – Edeseni ai
Why? – Badina dahaka
Where is the dance? – Mavaru gabuna be edeseni ai?
Why hasn't he come? – Badina dahaka ia mai lasi?
Technically, both languages are considered "pidgins" by the linguists. A "pidgin" is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade.
Pronouns
I - Lau
You (singular) - Oi
You...plural... - Umui
He, she, it - ia
They - idia
We (inclusive, I and you) - ita
We (exclusive we but you) - ai
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Pronouns
My - Egu
Mine - Lau-egu
Your (singular) - Emu
Yours (singular) - Oi-emu
Your (plural) - Emui
Yours (plural) - Umui-emui
His, her, it - Ena
His, hers, its - iena
Their - Edia
Theirs - idia-edia
Our (exclusive) - Emai
Ours (exclusive) - Ai-emai
Our (inclusive) - Eda
Ours (inclusive) - iseda
How are you? (singular) - Oi namo?
Yes, I’m fine - io, lau namo.
How are you? (plural) - Umui namo?
Yes, we’re fine - io, ai namo
Good day! - Dina namona!
Good morning - Daba namona!
Good afternoon - Adorahi namona!
Good evening - Hanuaboi namona!
Goodbye - Ba mahuta!
Yes - io
Yes - Oibe
No - Lasi
I'm not sure – Sedira...
I couldn't care less – Sedira.
That's for sure! – Momokani!
Wait a moment! – Dohore!
Stop! – Vadaeni!
That will suffice. – Vadaeni.
That’s enough – Vadaeni.
Please – Mani
Please – Mani emu kara
Please – Pilisi
Good – Namo
Very good - Namo herea
Thank you – Tanikiu
Who? – Daika?
What? – Dahaka?
Who is that? – Unai be daika?
What is this? – Inai be dahaka?
What is the name of this? – Inai gau ena ladana be dahaka?
What is that boy's name? – Unai mero ena ladana be daika?
Whose? – Daika ena?
How many? – Dida?
How many altogether? – Ibounai hida?
How much for this fish? – Inai gwarume ena davana hida?
Which? – Edena?
Which do you want? – Oi ura edena?
Which do you want? – Edena oi ura?
When did he come? – Edena negai ia mai?
How shall I do it? – Edena bamona lau karaia?
Where? – Edeseni ai
Why? – Badina dahaka
Where is the dance? – Mavaru gabuna be edeseni ai?
Why hasn't he come? – Badina dahaka ia mai lasi?
The Ainu Language - A Língua Ainu
The ainu language spoken area in the 1800's comprised of the following:
- South Sakhalin
- Kuril islands
- Hokkaido
- North edge of Japan main island
The power struggle between Japan and Russia caused the Ainu people to move. Therefore, in Sakhalin and Kuril islands Ainu language is no longer spoken, and these areas are located in the Russian territory now.
In the North edge of Japan main island, Aomori-ken, it's said that Ainu language was spoken until 1950's, but now only Japanese is spoken there.
In 1999, the Ainu language was little spoken in Hokkaidou, the cold island in northern Japan. However, in 10 years the movement to revive Ainu language has promoted language classes and speech contests in many places.
The Ainu people might have lived with other people in North Sakhalin and Amur river area.(since 1300's). The "Yuan Dynasty of China", funded by Tatar, fought several times against the locals who may have been Ainu, because of invasions in the area under "Yuan"’s control.(AC 1264-1308). The first accounts on the Ainu in China may date back from that time.
During the "Sin" age, the last Chinese empire, the Ainu traded with the Chinese in order to go upstream the Amur river. Some people in Amur area then passed down an oral tradition on their supossed “Ainu forefathers”.
In Japan main island, the Ainu might have settled in the island’s northern part, namely in the provinces of Aomori, Iwate, and Akita (in the 700's). The contact between the Ezo (that is, the barbarian peoples around Japan) and the Japanese was recorded in the Shoku-Nihon-Gi, that means “Japanese Archive Part 2”. This might be the first detailed file about the Ezo,
In the sourthen portion of Japan, some places were given Ainu names, such as the “Sirakawa” Barrier and the “Nakoso” Barrier. But it is believed that there are other place names left all over the country with roots in the Ainu language.
SOME SAMPLE SENTENCES
Come in please! Ahup yan!
(Formal greeting) Irankarapte!
Hi, grandmother! Huci he!
Hi, aunt! Unarpe he!
How are you? Eywanke ya?
I’m fine. Kuywanke wa!
Sit down please. Hetak rok yan!
Thank you (formal). Iyayiraykere!
Thank you (informal). Hioy’oy.
Have a good night. Apunno sini yan!
Good bye (to a remaining person)! Apunno oka yan!
Good bye (to a leaving person)! Apunno paye yan!
See you again! Suy unukaran ro!
What’s this? Tanpe hemanta an?
This is a bowl. Tanpe anakne itanki ne.
Well, what’s is that? Orano, toanpe hemanta an?
That’s a chopsticks. Toanpe anakne pasuy ne.
Do you see? Eeraman ya?
I see. Kereman wa.
Orano, inanpe itanki ne ya?
It’s this. Tanpe ne.
It’s that. Toanpe ne.
What’s that grass? Toan kina hemanta an?
That grass is a royal fern. Toan kina anakne sorma ne.
Who’s that? Toankur hunna an?
That woman is my older sister. Toankur anakne kusapo ne.
Which is your son? Inankur epoho ne ya?
This one. Taankur ne wa.
May I open the window? Puyar kumaka yakka pirka ya?
May I come in? Kahun yakka pirka ya?
May I eat candy? Topenpe ke yakka pirka ya?
May I drink? Kuiku yakka pirka ya?
May I stop the car? Kukor aop kusinire yakka pirka ya?
May I smoke? Tanpaku kuku yakka pirka ya?
May I take rest? Kusini yakka pirka ya?
I finished my work. May I go home? You may.
Kumonrayke okere korka tane kuhosipi yakka pirka ya? Yakun pirka.
You may stop the car in case there. Toanta yakun pirka.
You may have in case tea. Oca eku yakun pirka.
Must not drink! Iteki ku!
Must not come in! Iteki ahun!
Must not stop the car! Iteki aop sinire!
Must not smoke! Iteki tanpaku ku!
Must not open the window because it is cold today. Tanto mean kusu iteki puyar maka.
Must not drink because you drive the car. Aop eo kusu iteki iku.
What do you want to eat? Hemanta ee rusuy ya?
I want to eat candy. Topenpe ke rusuy
What do you want to drink? Hemanta eku rusuy ya?
I want to drink tea. Oca kuku rusuy
I want to go home soon. Tane kuhosipi rusuy
I want to rest because I am tired. Kusinki kusu kusini rusuy
I hope it would be fine tomorrow. Nisatta sirpirka yak pirkap!
I would be the wind... I would be a bird... Rera ta kune... cikap ta kune...
If I could be, ki wa ne yakun
I could meet my lover in this day! Kuyupo tananto or ta kunukar oka!
What is your name? Erehe mak aye?
My name is ______ . Kurehe anakne ______ ne.
How old are you? Epaha hempakpe an?
I am twenty eight years old. Kupaha anakne tupesan pa ikasma hotne pa ne.
Where do you come from? Hunak wa eek?
I come from Sapporo. Sapporo wa kek
Do you come alone? Sinen ne eek?
I come with mother. Hapo turano kek.
Where do you go to tomorrow? Nisatta hunak un earpa?
I go to Biratori. Biratori un karpa.
Please go with me! Entura wa enkore!
Let’s go! Uturano payean ro!
Good bye! Apunno paye yan!
Water, please! Wakka, enkore!
Chopsticks, please! Pasuy, enkore!
Bowl, please! Itanki, enkore!
Two bowls, please! Tu itanki, enkore!
Here you are. O.
Please put me up! Enrewsire wa enkore!
Please help me! Enkasuy wa enkore!
Please take me with you! Entura wa enkore!
Please wait for me! Entere wa enkore!
Please show me! Ennukare wa enkore!
Please tell me! Ennure wa enkore!
Please say it again! Na arsuyne ennure wa enkore!
Ok / alright. Pikka wa.
Let’s eat! Uturano ipean ro!
Let’s talk! Ukoisoitakan ro!
See you again! Suy unukaran ro!
Why don’t you drink water? Wakka eku hike makanak ne wa?
Why don’t you wait a moment? Na atere hike makanak ne wa?
SOME USESUL WORDS AND PARTICLES
a sit(It is singular form. cf.;rok)
ahun come in house (It is singular form)
ahup come in house (It is plural form)
-an we
apunno peaceful
e yes!
e- you
eywanke = e + iwanke
he (It means question)
hetak come on
hioy'oy (It means thanks)
huci grandmother,old lady
irankarapte (It means polite greeting)
iwanke be in good spirits
iyayiraykere (It means polite thanks)
ku- I
kuywanke = ku + iwanke
oka are,exist,live(It is plural form)
paye go(It is plural form)
ro (It means temptation)
rok sit(It is plural form. cf.;a)
sini take rest
suy times
unarpe aunt,lady
unukar meet
unukaran = unukar + an
Wa (the word soften them voice)
ya (It means question)
Yan (It means order to persons ,or one person politely)
ahun come in house (It is singular form)
aop vehicle
e Eat (foods)
e- You
hosipi go home
iteki (It means prohibition)
iku drink alcohol
kahun < ku-ahun
ke < ku-e
kor (goods) of (owner),have
korka but
ku drink (beverage)
ku- I
kusu in order to, because
maka open (window)
mean cold
monrayke work
o ride (vehicle)
oca tea (It is loan word from Japanese)
okere finish
pirka good
puyar window
sini take rest
sinire make (them) rest
tane already,no longer
tanpaku cigerette
tanpaku ku smoke
toanta there
topenpe candy
ya (It means question)
yakka pirka may
yakun in case,if
an be?(It is used with question)
anakne (It present subject)
e- you
eraman understand
hemanta what
hioy'oy (It means thanks)
hunna who
itanki bowl
inankur who,which man
inanpe what,which thing
keraman < ku-eraman
kina grass
ku- I
ne be,become
orano well
pasuy chopsticks
po son
poho (one's) son
sapo older sister
sorma royal fern
taankur this man
tanpe this
toan that (goods)
toankur that man
toanpe that
wa (the word soften them voice)
ya (It means question)
e- you
e eat (foods)
ki do (something)
ku- I
ku drink (beverage)
kusu in order to, because
ke < ku-e
sini take rest
sirpirka fine
sinki tired
- ta - oka (It means hope which is unlikely to realize)
tananto or ta today (It is used in verse. In usual sentense,"tanto")
tane already,no longer
cikap bird
topenpe candy
nisatta tomorrow
nukar meet (person)
ne be,become
hemanta what
hosipi go home
ya (It means question)
yak (It means condition)
yakun in case,if
yupo lover (It is used in verse to man. To woman,"tures". In usual sentense,it means older brother)
rusuy want to
rera wind
wa and
pirka good
-p (It nominalizes verb which is completed by vowel. By consonaunt, "-pe")
a- somebody
-an we
anakne (It present subject)
apunno peaceful
arpa go(It is singular form. cf.;paye)
e- you
ek come
en- me
hempakpe how many
hunak where
karpa < ku-arpa
kek < ku-ek
kore give (them goods)
ku- I
mak how
ne be,become
ne (It means situation. cf.;sinen ne)
nisatta tomorrow
pa year
paha (one's) year
paye go(It is plural form. cf;arpa)
re name
rehe (one's) name
ro (It means temptation)
sinen one parson
sinen ne alone
tura bring (them) with
turano together with
un to (place)
uturano together
wa from (place)
wa and
ye tell
arsuyne once
en- me
itanki bowl
kasuy help (them)
kore give (them goods)
na more
nukare show (them goods)
nure make (them) listen
o Here you are
pasuy chopsticks
pirka good
rewsire put (him) up (It is singular form)
tere wait (them)
tu two
tura bring (them) with
wa (the word soften them voice)
wakka water
a- we (It is used with transitive verb. cf;-an)
-an we (It is used with intransitive verb. cf;a-)
e- you
ku drink (beverage)
hike which (person do)
makanak how
na more
ne be,become
paye go(It is plural form)
ro (It means proposal)
suy times
tere wait (them)
ukoisoitak talk with
unukar meet
uturano together
wa (the word soften the voice)
- South Sakhalin
- Kuril islands
- Hokkaido
- North edge of Japan main island
The power struggle between Japan and Russia caused the Ainu people to move. Therefore, in Sakhalin and Kuril islands Ainu language is no longer spoken, and these areas are located in the Russian territory now.
In the North edge of Japan main island, Aomori-ken, it's said that Ainu language was spoken until 1950's, but now only Japanese is spoken there.
In 1999, the Ainu language was little spoken in Hokkaidou, the cold island in northern Japan. However, in 10 years the movement to revive Ainu language has promoted language classes and speech contests in many places.
The Ainu people might have lived with other people in North Sakhalin and Amur river area.(since 1300's). The "Yuan Dynasty of China", funded by Tatar, fought several times against the locals who may have been Ainu, because of invasions in the area under "Yuan"’s control.(AC 1264-1308). The first accounts on the Ainu in China may date back from that time.
During the "Sin" age, the last Chinese empire, the Ainu traded with the Chinese in order to go upstream the Amur river. Some people in Amur area then passed down an oral tradition on their supossed “Ainu forefathers”.
In Japan main island, the Ainu might have settled in the island’s northern part, namely in the provinces of Aomori, Iwate, and Akita (in the 700's). The contact between the Ezo (that is, the barbarian peoples around Japan) and the Japanese was recorded in the Shoku-Nihon-Gi, that means “Japanese Archive Part 2”. This might be the first detailed file about the Ezo,
In the sourthen portion of Japan, some places were given Ainu names, such as the “Sirakawa” Barrier and the “Nakoso” Barrier. But it is believed that there are other place names left all over the country with roots in the Ainu language.
SOME SAMPLE SENTENCES
Come in please! Ahup yan!
(Formal greeting) Irankarapte!
Hi, grandmother! Huci he!
Hi, aunt! Unarpe he!
How are you? Eywanke ya?
I’m fine. Kuywanke wa!
Sit down please. Hetak rok yan!
Thank you (formal). Iyayiraykere!
Thank you (informal). Hioy’oy.
Have a good night. Apunno sini yan!
Good bye (to a remaining person)! Apunno oka yan!
Good bye (to a leaving person)! Apunno paye yan!
See you again! Suy unukaran ro!
What’s this? Tanpe hemanta an?
This is a bowl. Tanpe anakne itanki ne.
Well, what’s is that? Orano, toanpe hemanta an?
That’s a chopsticks. Toanpe anakne pasuy ne.
Do you see? Eeraman ya?
I see. Kereman wa.
Orano, inanpe itanki ne ya?
It’s this. Tanpe ne.
It’s that. Toanpe ne.
What’s that grass? Toan kina hemanta an?
That grass is a royal fern. Toan kina anakne sorma ne.
Who’s that? Toankur hunna an?
That woman is my older sister. Toankur anakne kusapo ne.
Which is your son? Inankur epoho ne ya?
This one. Taankur ne wa.
May I open the window? Puyar kumaka yakka pirka ya?
May I come in? Kahun yakka pirka ya?
May I eat candy? Topenpe ke yakka pirka ya?
May I drink? Kuiku yakka pirka ya?
May I stop the car? Kukor aop kusinire yakka pirka ya?
May I smoke? Tanpaku kuku yakka pirka ya?
May I take rest? Kusini yakka pirka ya?
I finished my work. May I go home? You may.
Kumonrayke okere korka tane kuhosipi yakka pirka ya? Yakun pirka.
You may stop the car in case there. Toanta yakun pirka.
You may have in case tea. Oca eku yakun pirka.
Must not drink! Iteki ku!
Must not come in! Iteki ahun!
Must not stop the car! Iteki aop sinire!
Must not smoke! Iteki tanpaku ku!
Must not open the window because it is cold today. Tanto mean kusu iteki puyar maka.
Must not drink because you drive the car. Aop eo kusu iteki iku.
What do you want to eat? Hemanta ee rusuy ya?
I want to eat candy. Topenpe ke rusuy
What do you want to drink? Hemanta eku rusuy ya?
I want to drink tea. Oca kuku rusuy
I want to go home soon. Tane kuhosipi rusuy
I want to rest because I am tired. Kusinki kusu kusini rusuy
I hope it would be fine tomorrow. Nisatta sirpirka yak pirkap!
I would be the wind... I would be a bird... Rera ta kune... cikap ta kune...
If I could be, ki wa ne yakun
I could meet my lover in this day! Kuyupo tananto or ta kunukar oka!
What is your name? Erehe mak aye?
My name is ______ . Kurehe anakne ______ ne.
How old are you? Epaha hempakpe an?
I am twenty eight years old. Kupaha anakne tupesan pa ikasma hotne pa ne.
Where do you come from? Hunak wa eek?
I come from Sapporo. Sapporo wa kek
Do you come alone? Sinen ne eek?
I come with mother. Hapo turano kek.
Where do you go to tomorrow? Nisatta hunak un earpa?
I go to Biratori. Biratori un karpa.
Please go with me! Entura wa enkore!
Let’s go! Uturano payean ro!
Good bye! Apunno paye yan!
Water, please! Wakka, enkore!
Chopsticks, please! Pasuy, enkore!
Bowl, please! Itanki, enkore!
Two bowls, please! Tu itanki, enkore!
Here you are. O.
Please put me up! Enrewsire wa enkore!
Please help me! Enkasuy wa enkore!
Please take me with you! Entura wa enkore!
Please wait for me! Entere wa enkore!
Please show me! Ennukare wa enkore!
Please tell me! Ennure wa enkore!
Please say it again! Na arsuyne ennure wa enkore!
Ok / alright. Pikka wa.
Let’s eat! Uturano ipean ro!
Let’s talk! Ukoisoitakan ro!
See you again! Suy unukaran ro!
Why don’t you drink water? Wakka eku hike makanak ne wa?
Why don’t you wait a moment? Na atere hike makanak ne wa?
SOME USESUL WORDS AND PARTICLES
a sit(It is singular form. cf.;rok)
ahun come in house (It is singular form)
ahup come in house (It is plural form)
-an we
apunno peaceful
e yes!
e- you
eywanke = e + iwanke
he (It means question)
hetak come on
hioy'oy (It means thanks)
huci grandmother,old lady
irankarapte (It means polite greeting)
iwanke be in good spirits
iyayiraykere (It means polite thanks)
ku- I
kuywanke = ku + iwanke
oka are,exist,live(It is plural form)
paye go(It is plural form)
ro (It means temptation)
rok sit(It is plural form. cf.;a)
sini take rest
suy times
unarpe aunt,lady
unukar meet
unukaran = unukar + an
Wa (the word soften them voice)
ya (It means question)
Yan (It means order to persons ,or one person politely)
ahun come in house (It is singular form)
aop vehicle
e Eat (foods)
e- You
hosipi go home
iteki (It means prohibition)
iku drink alcohol
kahun < ku-ahun
ke < ku-e
kor (goods) of (owner),have
korka but
ku drink (beverage)
ku- I
kusu in order to, because
maka open (window)
mean cold
monrayke work
o ride (vehicle)
oca tea (It is loan word from Japanese)
okere finish
pirka good
puyar window
sini take rest
sinire make (them) rest
tane already,no longer
tanpaku cigerette
tanpaku ku smoke
toanta there
topenpe candy
ya (It means question)
yakka pirka may
yakun in case,if
an be?(It is used with question)
anakne (It present subject)
e- you
eraman understand
hemanta what
hioy'oy (It means thanks)
hunna who
itanki bowl
inankur who,which man
inanpe what,which thing
keraman < ku-eraman
kina grass
ku- I
ne be,become
orano well
pasuy chopsticks
po son
poho (one's) son
sapo older sister
sorma royal fern
taankur this man
tanpe this
toan that (goods)
toankur that man
toanpe that
wa (the word soften them voice)
ya (It means question)
e- you
e eat (foods)
ki do (something)
ku- I
ku drink (beverage)
kusu in order to, because
ke < ku-e
sini take rest
sirpirka fine
sinki tired
- ta - oka (It means hope which is unlikely to realize)
tananto or ta today (It is used in verse. In usual sentense,"tanto")
tane already,no longer
cikap bird
topenpe candy
nisatta tomorrow
nukar meet (person)
ne be,become
hemanta what
hosipi go home
ya (It means question)
yak (It means condition)
yakun in case,if
yupo lover (It is used in verse to man. To woman,"tures". In usual sentense,it means older brother)
rusuy want to
rera wind
wa and
pirka good
-p (It nominalizes verb which is completed by vowel. By consonaunt, "-pe")
a- somebody
-an we
anakne (It present subject)
apunno peaceful
arpa go(It is singular form. cf.;paye)
e- you
ek come
en- me
hempakpe how many
hunak where
karpa < ku-arpa
kek < ku-ek
kore give (them goods)
ku- I
mak how
ne be,become
ne (It means situation. cf.;sinen ne)
nisatta tomorrow
pa year
paha (one's) year
paye go(It is plural form. cf;arpa)
re name
rehe (one's) name
ro (It means temptation)
sinen one parson
sinen ne alone
tura bring (them) with
turano together with
un to (place)
uturano together
wa from (place)
wa and
ye tell
arsuyne once
en- me
itanki bowl
kasuy help (them)
kore give (them goods)
na more
nukare show (them goods)
nure make (them) listen
o Here you are
pasuy chopsticks
pirka good
rewsire put (him) up (It is singular form)
tere wait (them)
tu two
tura bring (them) with
wa (the word soften them voice)
wakka water
a- we (It is used with transitive verb. cf;-an)
-an we (It is used with intransitive verb. cf;a-)
e- you
ku drink (beverage)
hike which (person do)
makanak how
na more
ne be,become
paye go(It is plural form)
ro (It means proposal)
suy times
tere wait (them)
ukoisoitak talk with
unukar meet
uturano together
wa (the word soften the voice)
terça-feira, 26 de maio de 2009
Exemplo de textos em Groenlandês / Sample Texts in Greenlandic
“Bussimi Naapinneq” A MEETING ON THE BUS
The exerpts below are about a Greenlandic woman who went to Copenhagen to live with a Danish lover, whose life there was less than happy though. Each extract is followed by vocabulary notes and in the case of the first three fragments, a suggested English translation.
Ullut ilaanni illoqarfimmi suliffinni inerama
pisiniaqattaalaasinnarlunga angerlarniarlunga Nørreportimut
ingerlavunga, taanna bussit assigiinngitsorpaaluit aqqutigisarmassuk
ikiartorfigigajukkakku.
Ullut: days
ilaanni: on one/some (of them)
illoqarfik: town
-mi: in(/at)
suliffik: workplace
-n-ni: at my
ini-: to be finished/to finish
-rama (/-gama): when (past tense) (/because) I ...
pisinia-: to go shopping (pi-: thing, -si-: buy, -nia- to go
and.../to intend to...)
-qattaa-: repeatedly/the whole time
-laar-: a little (also softens the tone)
-sinnar: after doing X (NB not to be confused with -sinnaa: can)
-lunga: while I ... / and I ...
angerlar-: to go home
Nørreport: a street in Copenhagen
-i- : epenthetic vowel to allow -mut ending to be added to foreign
word/word ending in a consonant
-mut: to
ingerla-: go (on foot)
-vunga: I ... (indicative)
taanna: this/that
bussi(t): bus(es)
assigiingitsut: different
-paaluit: a great many
aqqutigi-: travel along it (lit. to have it as a road)
-sar- (-tar-): tend to (frequentative)
-massuk: because (when) they...it
iki- : get on board
-artor-: to intend do/make an effort to
-figi: to have something as a place of...
-gaju(k)-: a lot
-kakku: because (when) I ... it
"One day, when I was finished at work in town, and I was heading
home after doing a bit of shopping, I walked to Nørreport, since I
often went there to catch a ride because of the many different buses
that passed by there."Aarimmi linie 5 tikiuppoq, tassungalu ikivunga, bussi taanna
angerlartillunga ilaaffigalugu pitsaanerpaat ilagimmassuk
The last wordlist was in order of the words appearing. This one is
in alphabetical order and I have omitted words/particles explained
in the previous list to make things less straightforward. If want to
try this without the translation don't look below the wordlist. If
you have difficulty with just this I give a breakdown and a
translation with some hints as to how to analyse the bits, the last
few words are quite tricky:
aarimmi: just as I thought!, as you can see!
-(f)figi- (-ffigaa): to have X as the place/object of my action
-gi-: to have X as...
iki-: to get on board (object takes -mut/nut case)
ila: part
ilagi-: to have X as a part/as one of it
ilaa-: to be a passenger
linie 5: "line 5" i.e. the number 5 bus
-lu: and
-lunga: while [unstated subject] [verbs] me (NB note that in the
last sentence -lunga meant "while I [verb]". It has two meanings
intransitive where -nga means "I", and a transitive meaning where
the ending signifies the object, "me")
-nerpaaq: most(plural: -nerpaat)
pitsaa-: good
tassunga: to this (=tassa+mut)
tikiu*-: to have arrived (cf tikippoq: to come)
-ti*: to cause
Word for word breakdown
"Just.as.I.thought line 5 has.arrived, to.this-and board-I, bus this
go.home-cause-while.me [i.e. taking me home] be.a.passenger-
have.as.place.of-while.it(object) [having it as my transport] good-
most(pl) [the best ones] part-have.as-because.they...it [because
they (the best ones) have it as part of them , as one of them i.e.
because it is one of the best]
"Just as I thought, the number 5 had arrived, which I boarded,
because this bus was one of the best to be taken home by (to go home
on)."
Ualeq aallartilaaginnarsimavoq, taamaammat angallatit suli
inoqaruluunngillat. Issiaviit sanileriittarissat ilaanni arnaq
kalaaliugunartoq kisimiilluni issiasoq takullugu sanianut
ingikkiartorpunga.
aallarti-: begin
angallat: vehicle (plural -it)
arnaq: woman
-ginnar: only/just (same as -innar, -annar)
-gunar: apparently, seemingly
ingippoq: to sit down
ino-: stem of inuk: person
issiavik: seat (plural -[/k/]it)
issiavoq: to be sitting
kalaaleq: greenlander (stem: kalaali-)
-kiartor, iartor, jartor, riartor: to go [there] to ...
kisimi: alone
kisimiippoq: to be alone
-luni: while [subject of main verb] does X (kontemporativ 4ps)
-qa-: to have, to exist, there is, there are
-riaq: the place where... (plural -rissat)
-ruloor: hard, forcefully (ruluu- where final "r" is removed by
following affix)
sani: side
sanileriipput: to be next to one another, side by side
-sima-: perfective affix: similar to "to have X'd".
-soq/toq: nominal verb form: who does X, that does X.
suli: still/yet
taama: so, such;
taamaappoq: to be such;
taamaammat: because it was such= therefore
taku- : see
-tar-/-sar-: affix denoting a habitual/usual action
ualeq: afternoon
Further comments:
-ruluu- in this case I believe it expresses the fact that later in the
afternoon there would normally be a lot of people in the buses (but not
yet).
In this case the sitting down by her side is as a result of what she has
seen, so I would put that afterwards in the translation.
Sanianut = sani-a-nut > to her side.
sanileriit-ta-rissat: the places which were [habitually] side by side,
i.e. one of the row of double seats in a bus.
The subject of kisimiilluni agrees with issiasoq, which is the main verb
for that phrase of the sentence, so the rule isn't broken.
"The afternoon had only just begun, so there was not yet a great number
of people in the vehicles [buses]. Seeing a woman who appeared to be
Greenlandic sitting alone on one of the double seats, I went to sit down
next to her."
Igalaap killingani issiavoq silammut isigaluni. Paasivara
ilisarisimanngikkiga. Taamaattoq sanianut inginniarpunga
kalaaliusorilluinnarakku nalinginnaq oqaloqatigiissinnaagatta, soorlu
taamaakkajuttartugut. Aammami angallatini taamaattuni
ingerlarusaarluni oqaloqateqarluni ingerlaneq sivikinnerusutut
misigisimanartarmat
aamma: and
aammami: and indeed
-gatta/ratta/kkatta: because we...
igalaq : window (-ap: relative case)
ilisarisimavaa: know X
isigaaq: look (from "isigavoq")(isigaa: look at X)
-kaju*-: often (cf -gaju* in extract 1)
-kkiga/-giga/riga: transitive nominal mood, (that) I...her
killeq: edge/border (killinga: its edge/border)
-ki*: small/few > sivi-kip-poq: short lasting
-mat: because it...
misigi-: feel
nalinginnaq: general/one or other
-nar-: "be such as to". So in the example the
translation is along the lines of: "because travelling on a slow bus
having a chat with someone is such as to make the journey feel
shorter".
-neq/-neruvoq: more
oqaloqat: someone to speak with
oqaloqatigiip-put: they have a conversation (plural subjects only)
paasivaa: understand it/realise it
-qat: a fellow X
-rakku/gakku/kkakku: because I...her
-rusaar-: without hurry
silak: sky (silammut: outside)
-sinnaa: can
sivisooq: long lasting
soorlu: just like, as if
-sori-: think that
-sutut: intransitive nominal mode -soq + "aequalis" case -tut.
taamaappoq: be such (nominal mode>taamaattuni: in such (plural))
taamaattoq: however (set phrase)
-tugut: intransitive nominal mode, (that) we...
-tut/-sut: "aequalis" case = as X (also used of languages:
kalaallisut oqarpunga - I speak as a Greenlander i.e. I speak
Greenlandic)
Notes:
ingerlaneq "the travelling" - is the subject of misigisimanartarmat
sivikinnerusutut - is the sort of object of misigisima- "feel"
Lit. "like a shorter one"
-tut : like
sivikinneru-: shorter
-su-: one/that (which is)
The exerpts below are about a Greenlandic woman who went to Copenhagen to live with a Danish lover, whose life there was less than happy though. Each extract is followed by vocabulary notes and in the case of the first three fragments, a suggested English translation.
Ullut ilaanni illoqarfimmi suliffinni inerama
pisiniaqattaalaasinnarlunga angerlarniarlunga Nørreportimut
ingerlavunga, taanna bussit assigiinngitsorpaaluit aqqutigisarmassuk
ikiartorfigigajukkakku.
Ullut: days
ilaanni: on one/some (of them)
illoqarfik: town
-mi: in(/at)
suliffik: workplace
-n-ni: at my
ini-: to be finished/to finish
-rama (/-gama): when (past tense) (/because) I ...
pisinia-: to go shopping (pi-: thing, -si-: buy, -nia- to go
and.../to intend to...)
-qattaa-: repeatedly/the whole time
-laar-: a little (also softens the tone)
-sinnar: after doing X (NB not to be confused with -sinnaa: can)
-lunga: while I ... / and I ...
angerlar-: to go home
Nørreport: a street in Copenhagen
-i- : epenthetic vowel to allow -mut ending to be added to foreign
word/word ending in a consonant
-mut: to
ingerla-: go (on foot)
-vunga: I ... (indicative)
taanna: this/that
bussi(t): bus(es)
assigiingitsut: different
-paaluit: a great many
aqqutigi-: travel along it (lit. to have it as a road)
-sar- (-tar-): tend to (frequentative)
-massuk: because (when) they...it
iki- : get on board
-artor-: to intend do/make an effort to
-figi: to have something as a place of...
-gaju(k)-: a lot
-kakku: because (when) I ... it
"One day, when I was finished at work in town, and I was heading
home after doing a bit of shopping, I walked to Nørreport, since I
often went there to catch a ride because of the many different buses
that passed by there."Aarimmi linie 5 tikiuppoq, tassungalu ikivunga, bussi taanna
angerlartillunga ilaaffigalugu pitsaanerpaat ilagimmassuk
The last wordlist was in order of the words appearing. This one is
in alphabetical order and I have omitted words/particles explained
in the previous list to make things less straightforward. If want to
try this without the translation don't look below the wordlist. If
you have difficulty with just this I give a breakdown and a
translation with some hints as to how to analyse the bits, the last
few words are quite tricky:
aarimmi: just as I thought!, as you can see!
-(f)figi- (-ffigaa): to have X as the place/object of my action
-gi-: to have X as...
iki-: to get on board (object takes -mut/nut case)
ila: part
ilagi-: to have X as a part/as one of it
ilaa-: to be a passenger
linie 5: "line 5" i.e. the number 5 bus
-lu: and
-lunga: while [unstated subject] [verbs] me (NB note that in the
last sentence -lunga meant "while I [verb]". It has two meanings
intransitive where -nga means "I", and a transitive meaning where
the ending signifies the object, "me")
-nerpaaq: most(plural: -nerpaat)
pitsaa-: good
tassunga: to this (=tassa+mut)
tikiu*-: to have arrived (cf tikippoq: to come)
-ti*: to cause
Word for word breakdown
"Just.as.I.thought line 5 has.arrived, to.this-and board-I, bus this
go.home-cause-while.me [i.e. taking me home] be.a.passenger-
have.as.place.of-while.it(object) [having it as my transport] good-
most(pl) [the best ones] part-have.as-because.they...it [because
they (the best ones) have it as part of them , as one of them i.e.
because it is one of the best]
"Just as I thought, the number 5 had arrived, which I boarded,
because this bus was one of the best to be taken home by (to go home
on)."
Ualeq aallartilaaginnarsimavoq, taamaammat angallatit suli
inoqaruluunngillat. Issiaviit sanileriittarissat ilaanni arnaq
kalaaliugunartoq kisimiilluni issiasoq takullugu sanianut
ingikkiartorpunga.
aallarti-: begin
angallat: vehicle (plural -it)
arnaq: woman
-ginnar: only/just (same as -innar, -annar)
-gunar: apparently, seemingly
ingippoq: to sit down
ino-: stem of inuk: person
issiavik: seat (plural -[/k/]it)
issiavoq: to be sitting
kalaaleq: greenlander (stem: kalaali-)
-kiartor, iartor, jartor, riartor: to go [there] to ...
kisimi: alone
kisimiippoq: to be alone
-luni: while [subject of main verb] does X (kontemporativ 4ps)
-qa-: to have, to exist, there is, there are
-riaq: the place where... (plural -rissat)
-ruloor: hard, forcefully (ruluu- where final "r" is removed by
following affix)
sani: side
sanileriipput: to be next to one another, side by side
-sima-: perfective affix: similar to "to have X'd".
-soq/toq: nominal verb form: who does X, that does X.
suli: still/yet
taama: so, such;
taamaappoq: to be such;
taamaammat: because it was such= therefore
taku- : see
-tar-/-sar-: affix denoting a habitual/usual action
ualeq: afternoon
Further comments:
-ruluu- in this case I believe it expresses the fact that later in the
afternoon there would normally be a lot of people in the buses (but not
yet).
In this case the sitting down by her side is as a result of what she has
seen, so I would put that afterwards in the translation.
Sanianut = sani-a-nut > to her side.
sanileriit-ta-rissat: the places which were [habitually] side by side,
i.e. one of the row of double seats in a bus.
The subject of kisimiilluni agrees with issiasoq, which is the main verb
for that phrase of the sentence, so the rule isn't broken.
"The afternoon had only just begun, so there was not yet a great number
of people in the vehicles [buses]. Seeing a woman who appeared to be
Greenlandic sitting alone on one of the double seats, I went to sit down
next to her."
Igalaap killingani issiavoq silammut isigaluni. Paasivara
ilisarisimanngikkiga. Taamaattoq sanianut inginniarpunga
kalaaliusorilluinnarakku nalinginnaq oqaloqatigiissinnaagatta, soorlu
taamaakkajuttartugut. Aammami angallatini taamaattuni
ingerlarusaarluni oqaloqateqarluni ingerlaneq sivikinnerusutut
misigisimanartarmat
aamma: and
aammami: and indeed
-gatta/ratta/kkatta: because we...
igalaq : window (-ap: relative case)
ilisarisimavaa: know X
isigaaq: look (from "isigavoq")(isigaa: look at X)
-kaju*-: often (cf -gaju* in extract 1)
-kkiga/-giga/riga: transitive nominal mood, (that) I...her
killeq: edge/border (killinga: its edge/border)
-ki*: small/few > sivi-kip-poq: short lasting
-mat: because it...
misigi-: feel
nalinginnaq: general/one or other
-nar-: "be such as to". So in the example the
translation is along the lines of: "because travelling on a slow bus
having a chat with someone is such as to make the journey feel
shorter".
-neq/-neruvoq: more
oqaloqat: someone to speak with
oqaloqatigiip-put: they have a conversation (plural subjects only)
paasivaa: understand it/realise it
-qat: a fellow X
-rakku/gakku/kkakku: because I...her
-rusaar-: without hurry
silak: sky (silammut: outside)
-sinnaa: can
sivisooq: long lasting
soorlu: just like, as if
-sori-: think that
-sutut: intransitive nominal mode -soq + "aequalis" case -tut.
taamaappoq: be such (nominal mode>taamaattuni: in such (plural))
taamaattoq: however (set phrase)
-tugut: intransitive nominal mode, (that) we...
-tut/-sut: "aequalis" case = as X (also used of languages:
kalaallisut oqarpunga - I speak as a Greenlander i.e. I speak
Greenlandic)
Notes:
ingerlaneq "the travelling" - is the subject of misigisimanartarmat
sivikinnerusutut - is the sort of object of misigisima- "feel"
Lit. "like a shorter one"
-tut : like
sivikinneru-: shorter
-su-: one/that (which is)
Um pouco de Finlandês...
A short text and some words in Finnish (Suomi)...
Minulle kuuluu ihan hyvää, kiitos, entä sinä?. Minun nimeni on Matti ja asun Suomen pääkaupungissä. Puhun vähän englantia ja ymmärrän ruotsia. On mukavaa että tahdot oppia suomen kieltä.
I am really fine, thanks, and you? My name is Matti and I live in the capital city of Finland. I speak a little English and I understand Swedish. It is nice that you want to learn the Finnish language.
Mitä tahdot oppia?
What do you want to learn?
käännös = translation
tahtoa = haluta (to want)
(tahdon, tahdot, tahdoo / haluan, haluat, haluaa...)
määritelmä(t) = definition(s)
esimerkki, esimerkit = example(s)
sivusto = website
taipuvainen = willing, prone, inclined to
e-mail = "sähköposti"/or shorter "meili"
"Kiitos paljon sähköpostistasi" / or shorter "Kiitos paljon meilistäsi"
Terveisin is the correct ending for letters and e-mails.
Finnish artist/bands
Suomalaisia artisteja/bändejä
Kaija Koo
Yö
Dingo
Eppu Normaali
Klamydia
The Rain (gospel)
Bass'n Helen (gospel)
HB (gospel)
Scandinavian Music Group
PMMP
Anssi Kela
Antti Tuisku
Okey, here is list of singers and bands
Okei, tässä on lista laulajista ja bändeistä.
This is links for you:
Tässä on linkkejä sinulle:
Dingo: Levoton Tuhkimo (Restless Cinderella)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEKafMBEuA
Kaija Koo: Kuka keksi rakkauden? ( Who invented the love?)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-P-jg6QGjM
The Rain: Tuuli kulkee (The wind passes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoD4wOX_98c
This song, sing in general confirmation school.
Tätä laulua lauletaan yleensä rippikoulussa.
These are known Finnish songs
Nämä ovat tunnettuja suomalaisia lauluja.
Tell me, what sentences you want to learn?
Kerro, millaisia lauseita tahdot oppia?
Kiitos = Thank you
Ole hyvä = Here you are
Anteeksi = I'm sorry, excuse me
Hyvää huomenta! = Good morning!
Hyvää päivää = Good afternoon!
Hyvää iltaa! = Good evening!
Hyvää yötä! = Good night!
Hauska tavata! / Hauska tutustua! = Nice to meet you!
Hyvää syntymäpäivää! = Happy Birthday!
Hyvää Uutta Vuotta! = Happy New Year!
Hyvää Joulua ja Onnellista Uutta Vuotta! = Merry Christmas and a Happy New year!
Hei, moi, terve, moro, heissan = Hello!
Nähdään, näkemiin = See ya
Näkemiin = Good bye!
Rakastan sinua! = I love you!
Pidän sinusta! = I like you!
Kyllä/joo= yes
Ei= no
Ehkä= maybe
Where do you work? = Missä olet töissä?
Where do you study? = Missä olet koulussa?
Koti = home
Koulu = school
Työpaikka = job
Puisto = park
Ravintola = restaurant
Rautatieasema = railway station
Lentokenttä = airport
Keskusta = city centrum
Hotelli = hotel
Sauna = sauna
Minulle kuuluu ihan hyvää, kiitos, entä sinä?. Minun nimeni on Matti ja asun Suomen pääkaupungissä. Puhun vähän englantia ja ymmärrän ruotsia. On mukavaa että tahdot oppia suomen kieltä.
I am really fine, thanks, and you? My name is Matti and I live in the capital city of Finland. I speak a little English and I understand Swedish. It is nice that you want to learn the Finnish language.
Mitä tahdot oppia?
What do you want to learn?
käännös = translation
tahtoa = haluta (to want)
(tahdon, tahdot, tahdoo / haluan, haluat, haluaa...)
määritelmä(t) = definition(s)
esimerkki, esimerkit = example(s)
sivusto = website
taipuvainen = willing, prone, inclined to
e-mail = "sähköposti"/or shorter "meili"
"Kiitos paljon sähköpostistasi" / or shorter "Kiitos paljon meilistäsi"
Terveisin is the correct ending for letters and e-mails.
Finnish artist/bands
Suomalaisia artisteja/bändejä
Kaija Koo
Yö
Dingo
Eppu Normaali
Klamydia
The Rain (gospel)
Bass'n Helen (gospel)
HB (gospel)
Scandinavian Music Group
PMMP
Anssi Kela
Antti Tuisku
Okey, here is list of singers and bands
Okei, tässä on lista laulajista ja bändeistä.
This is links for you:
Tässä on linkkejä sinulle:
Dingo: Levoton Tuhkimo (Restless Cinderella)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEKafMBEuA
Kaija Koo: Kuka keksi rakkauden? ( Who invented the love?)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-P-jg6QGjM
The Rain: Tuuli kulkee (The wind passes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoD4wOX_98c
This song, sing in general confirmation school.
Tätä laulua lauletaan yleensä rippikoulussa.
These are known Finnish songs
Nämä ovat tunnettuja suomalaisia lauluja.
Tell me, what sentences you want to learn?
Kerro, millaisia lauseita tahdot oppia?
Kiitos = Thank you
Ole hyvä = Here you are
Anteeksi = I'm sorry, excuse me
Hyvää huomenta! = Good morning!
Hyvää päivää = Good afternoon!
Hyvää iltaa! = Good evening!
Hyvää yötä! = Good night!
Hauska tavata! / Hauska tutustua! = Nice to meet you!
Hyvää syntymäpäivää! = Happy Birthday!
Hyvää Uutta Vuotta! = Happy New Year!
Hyvää Joulua ja Onnellista Uutta Vuotta! = Merry Christmas and a Happy New year!
Hei, moi, terve, moro, heissan = Hello!
Nähdään, näkemiin = See ya
Näkemiin = Good bye!
Rakastan sinua! = I love you!
Pidän sinusta! = I like you!
Kyllä/joo= yes
Ei= no
Ehkä= maybe
Where do you work? = Missä olet töissä?
Where do you study? = Missä olet koulussa?
Koti = home
Koulu = school
Työpaikka = job
Puisto = park
Ravintola = restaurant
Rautatieasema = railway station
Lentokenttä = airport
Keskusta = city centrum
Hotelli = hotel
Sauna = sauna
Information on the Language spoken on the Greenland Island
Overview
The Greenlandic language is an Eskimo-Aleut language spoken by the people of Greenland. It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada, such as Inuktitut. It is spoken by about 54,000 people, which is more than all the other Eskimo-Aleut languages combined. The most prominent dialect is Western Greenlandic ("Kalaallisut"), which is the official language of Greenland.
The northern dialect, "Inuktun" ("Avanersuarmiutut"), spoken around the city of Qaanaaq (Thule) is particularly closely related to Canadian Inuktitut. Other dialects are Eastern Greenlandic ("Tunumiit oraasiat"), and the dialect of Upernavik. Additionally, Danish and English are spoken in Greenland, and the country has a 100% literacy rate.
Phonology
The most extensive study of Greenlandic phonology is Jørgen Rischel's "Topics in West Greenlandic Phonology" (1974) [Jørgen Rischel, 1974, "Topics in West Greenlandic Phonology". Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.] .
Vowels
Three vowels: /i/, /u/ and /a/ .Before a uvular consonant (IPA| [q] or IPA| [ʁ] ) /i/ is realized allophonically as [e] or IPA| [ɛ] and /u/ as [o] or IPA| [ɔ] . This alternation is shown in the modern standard orthography by writing /i/ and /u/ as and respectively when occurring before uvulars ( and ).
Double vowels are pronounced as two moras, so they are phonologically a vowel sequence not a long vowel, they
are also written as two vowels in the orthography. There is no stress phonemic or phonetic but heavy syllables (with double vowel or in front of a consonant cluster) sound stressed and some intonational patterns also sound like stress.
Consonants
Letters between // are phonemes and the following letter is the way it is spelled in the new standard Greenlandic orthography of 1973.
Greenlandic phonology distinguishes itself phonologically from the other Inuit languages by a series of assimilations. One of the most famous Inuktitut words, "iglu" ("house"), is "illu" in Greenlandic, where the /gl/ consonant cluster of Inuktitut is assimilated into an unvoiced lateral affricate. The name "Inuktitut", when translated into Kalaallisut, is "Inuttut", for example.
Grammar
The language, like its relatives, is highly polysynthetic and ergative. There are almost no compound words, but mostly derivations. Greenland has three main dialects: Avanersuaq (Northern Greenland), Tunu (East Greenland) and Kitaa (West Greenland).
Greenlandic distinguishes two open word classes: nouns and verbs. Each category is subdivided by intransitive and transitive words. The language distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3rd reflexive), two numbers (singular, plural; no dual as in Inuktitut), eight moods (indicative, participial, imperative, optative, past subjunctive, future subjunctive, habitual subjunctive), ten cases (absolutive, ergative, equative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, prolative; for some selected nouns: nominative, accusative). Verbs carry bipersonal inflection for subject and object (distinguished by person and number). Transitive nouns carry possessive inflection.
Orthography
In contrast to most Eskimo-Aleut languages in Canada, Greenlandic is written with the Latin alphabet and not with the Inuktitut syllabary.
A special character, "kra" (unicode|Κʻ / ĸ), was used until the spelling reform of 1973 replaced it with the letter q. [http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/greenlandic.pdf] In addition, vowel and consonant gemination were indicated by means of diacritics on the vowels (in the case of consonant gemination, the diacritics were placed on the vowel preceding the affected consonant).
For example, the name "Kalaallit Nunaat" was spelled "Kalâlit Nunát". This spelling system, including the use of the letter Kʻ (kra), although abolished in Greenland in 1973, remains in use for the Nunatsiavummiutut dialect of Inuktitut, spoken in the Nunatsiavut region of northeastern Labrador.
This scheme uses an acute accent ( acute ) to indicate vowel gemination ("i.e.", "á", "í", "ú" modern: "aa", "ii", "uu"), a tilde ( ~ ) or a grave accent ( ` ), depending on the author, indicates gemination of the consonant following ("e.g.", "ãt", "ĩt", "ũt" or "àt", "ìt", "ùt", modern: "att", "itt", "utt"), while a circumflex accent ( ^ ) indicates a sequence of a geminated vowel followed by geminated consonant ("e.g.", "ât/ît/ût", modern: "aatt", "iitt", "uutt"). The letters "ê" and "ô", used only before "r" and "q", are now written "er/eq" and "or/oq" in Greenlandic. (The vowels "e" and "o" are position-dependent phonemic variants of "i" and "u", as described in the discussion of "vowels" above.)
The alphabet for Greenlandic is: A E G I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V. To spell loanwords from other languages, especially from Danish and English, the additional letters "b", "c", "d", "h", "x", "y", "z", "w", "æ", "ø" and "å" are used.
Greenlandic uses the symbols >...< and »...« for quotation marks.
The Greenlandic language is an Eskimo-Aleut language spoken by the people of Greenland. It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada, such as Inuktitut. It is spoken by about 54,000 people, which is more than all the other Eskimo-Aleut languages combined. The most prominent dialect is Western Greenlandic ("Kalaallisut"), which is the official language of Greenland.
The northern dialect, "Inuktun" ("Avanersuarmiutut"), spoken around the city of Qaanaaq (Thule) is particularly closely related to Canadian Inuktitut. Other dialects are Eastern Greenlandic ("Tunumiit oraasiat"), and the dialect of Upernavik. Additionally, Danish and English are spoken in Greenland, and the country has a 100% literacy rate.
Phonology
The most extensive study of Greenlandic phonology is Jørgen Rischel's "Topics in West Greenlandic Phonology" (1974) [Jørgen Rischel, 1974, "Topics in West Greenlandic Phonology". Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.] .
Vowels
Three vowels: /i/, /u/ and /a/ .Before a uvular consonant (IPA| [q] or IPA| [ʁ] ) /i/ is realized allophonically as [e] or IPA| [ɛ] and /u/ as [o] or IPA| [ɔ] . This alternation is shown in the modern standard orthography by writing /i/ and /u/ as and respectively when occurring before uvulars ( and ).
Double vowels are pronounced as two moras, so they are phonologically a vowel sequence not a long vowel, they
are also written as two vowels in the orthography. There is no stress phonemic or phonetic but heavy syllables (with double vowel or in front of a consonant cluster) sound stressed and some intonational patterns also sound like stress.
Consonants
Letters between // are phonemes and the following letter is the way it is spelled in the new standard Greenlandic orthography of 1973.
Greenlandic phonology distinguishes itself phonologically from the other Inuit languages by a series of assimilations. One of the most famous Inuktitut words, "iglu" ("house"), is "illu" in Greenlandic, where the /gl/ consonant cluster of Inuktitut is assimilated into an unvoiced lateral affricate. The name "Inuktitut", when translated into Kalaallisut, is "Inuttut", for example.
Grammar
The language, like its relatives, is highly polysynthetic and ergative. There are almost no compound words, but mostly derivations. Greenland has three main dialects: Avanersuaq (Northern Greenland), Tunu (East Greenland) and Kitaa (West Greenland).
Greenlandic distinguishes two open word classes: nouns and verbs. Each category is subdivided by intransitive and transitive words. The language distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3rd reflexive), two numbers (singular, plural; no dual as in Inuktitut), eight moods (indicative, participial, imperative, optative, past subjunctive, future subjunctive, habitual subjunctive), ten cases (absolutive, ergative, equative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, prolative; for some selected nouns: nominative, accusative). Verbs carry bipersonal inflection for subject and object (distinguished by person and number). Transitive nouns carry possessive inflection.
Orthography
In contrast to most Eskimo-Aleut languages in Canada, Greenlandic is written with the Latin alphabet and not with the Inuktitut syllabary.
A special character, "kra" (unicode|Κʻ / ĸ), was used until the spelling reform of 1973 replaced it with the letter q. [http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/greenlandic.pdf] In addition, vowel and consonant gemination were indicated by means of diacritics on the vowels (in the case of consonant gemination, the diacritics were placed on the vowel preceding the affected consonant).
For example, the name "Kalaallit Nunaat" was spelled "Kalâlit Nunát". This spelling system, including the use of the letter Kʻ (kra), although abolished in Greenland in 1973, remains in use for the Nunatsiavummiutut dialect of Inuktitut, spoken in the Nunatsiavut region of northeastern Labrador.
This scheme uses an acute accent ( acute ) to indicate vowel gemination ("i.e.", "á", "í", "ú" modern: "aa", "ii", "uu"), a tilde ( ~ ) or a grave accent ( ` ), depending on the author, indicates gemination of the consonant following ("e.g.", "ãt", "ĩt", "ũt" or "àt", "ìt", "ùt", modern: "att", "itt", "utt"), while a circumflex accent ( ^ ) indicates a sequence of a geminated vowel followed by geminated consonant ("e.g.", "ât/ît/ût", modern: "aatt", "iitt", "uutt"). The letters "ê" and "ô", used only before "r" and "q", are now written "er/eq" and "or/oq" in Greenlandic. (The vowels "e" and "o" are position-dependent phonemic variants of "i" and "u", as described in the discussion of "vowels" above.)
The alphabet for Greenlandic is: A E G I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V. To spell loanwords from other languages, especially from Danish and English, the additional letters "b", "c", "d", "h", "x", "y", "z", "w", "æ", "ø" and "å" are used.
Greenlandic uses the symbols >...< and »...« for quotation marks.
Um pouco de Groenlandês / Sentences in Greenlandic...
"ENGLISH - GREENLANDIC" VOCABULARY
Good morning - Kumoorn!
Hi- Hej / Aluu!
What is your name? - Qanoq ateqarpit?
Where do you live? - Sumi najugaparpit?
How old are you - Qassinik ukioqarpit?
How are you? - Qanorippit?
How are you all? - Qanorippisi?
Do you speak English? - Tuluttut oqaluttarpit?
Yes - Aap / Suu
a little - immannguaq
in Greenlandic - Kalaallisut
in Danish - Qallunaatut
I don’t understand - Paasinngilara.
Unfortunately (not) - Ajorluartumik
slowly - arritsumik
I am English - Tuluuvunga.
I am an American - Amerikarmiuuvunga.
That’s alright - Ajuungilaq.
Do you want one? - Perusuppit?
No, thank you. - Naamik, qujanq.
Do you want to come? - Ilaaniarit?
Do you all want to come? - Ilaaniarisi?
I haven’t got time. - Piffissanqanngilanga.
Shall/may I help you? - Ikiussavakkit.
Where is … ? - … sumiippa?
Thank you. - Qujanaq.
Thanks! - Qujan!
Hello (good day)! - Kutaa!
Good night! - Kunaat!
Sleep well! (singular) - Sinilluarit!
Sleep well! (plural) - Sinilluaritsi!
My name is… - …-mik ateqarpunga.
I live in/at - …-mi najugaqrpunga.
I am … years old - …-nik ukioqarpunga.
I am fine - Ajunngilanga.
We’re fine- Ajunngilagut.
Do you speak Danish? - Qallunaatut oqaluttarpit?
No. - Naamik.
What is it called? - Qanoq taasarpaat?
What does that mean? - Qanoq isumaqarpa?
What did you say? - Qanoq?
I don’t know - Naluara.
Please repeat that. - Utilaaruk.
I’m a Dane - Qallunaavunga.
I’m a Greenlander - Kalaaliuvunga.
Sorry! / Excuse me! - Utoqqatserpunga!
That is beautiful! - Kusanaq!
Where are you going? - Sumukalerpit?
Ok/sure. - Okay/Qaami.
Please help me. - Ikiulaannga.
Where is the shop? - Pisiniarfik sumiippa.
Over there - ikani.
Yes, bye. - Suu, baj.
Good morning - Kumoorn!
Hi- Hej / Aluu!
What is your name? - Qanoq ateqarpit?
Where do you live? - Sumi najugaparpit?
How old are you - Qassinik ukioqarpit?
How are you? - Qanorippit?
How are you all? - Qanorippisi?
Do you speak English? - Tuluttut oqaluttarpit?
Yes - Aap / Suu
a little - immannguaq
in Greenlandic - Kalaallisut
in Danish - Qallunaatut
I don’t understand - Paasinngilara.
Unfortunately (not) - Ajorluartumik
slowly - arritsumik
I am English - Tuluuvunga.
I am an American - Amerikarmiuuvunga.
That’s alright - Ajuungilaq.
Do you want one? - Perusuppit?
No, thank you. - Naamik, qujanq.
Do you want to come? - Ilaaniarit?
Do you all want to come? - Ilaaniarisi?
I haven’t got time. - Piffissanqanngilanga.
Shall/may I help you? - Ikiussavakkit.
Where is … ? - … sumiippa?
Thank you. - Qujanaq.
Thanks! - Qujan!
Hello (good day)! - Kutaa!
Good night! - Kunaat!
Sleep well! (singular) - Sinilluarit!
Sleep well! (plural) - Sinilluaritsi!
My name is… - …-mik ateqarpunga.
I live in/at - …-mi najugaqrpunga.
I am … years old - …-nik ukioqarpunga.
I am fine - Ajunngilanga.
We’re fine- Ajunngilagut.
Do you speak Danish? - Qallunaatut oqaluttarpit?
No. - Naamik.
What is it called? - Qanoq taasarpaat?
What does that mean? - Qanoq isumaqarpa?
What did you say? - Qanoq?
I don’t know - Naluara.
Please repeat that. - Utilaaruk.
I’m a Dane - Qallunaavunga.
I’m a Greenlander - Kalaaliuvunga.
Sorry! / Excuse me! - Utoqqatserpunga!
That is beautiful! - Kusanaq!
Where are you going? - Sumukalerpit?
Ok/sure. - Okay/Qaami.
Please help me. - Ikiulaannga.
Where is the shop? - Pisiniarfik sumiippa.
Over there - ikani.
Yes, bye. - Suu, baj.
segunda-feira, 25 de maio de 2009
Hawaiian
'O-lelo Hawai'i is both simpler and more complex that English, and this is far from an authoritative introduction to the language. It would be best to carefully check out a good text on the subject, but since I don't have access to one, I have been forced to rely on a small dictionary, a bunch of example dialogue that I have seen, and a small pinch of guile....
So, if you really must know, check for any words that you want the definitions of below, but if you want to have any hope of understanding anything like a complete sentence, or even a fragment, you'll have to wait a while, and concentrate on the "non-content" words that join everything together.
Articles ("the")
ka
definite article ("the") before words that start with most consonants except K and vowels other than E, A, and O.
ka wahine ka hale
the woman the house
ke
definite article ("the") before words that start with the vowels E, A, and O and before the consonant K (and some other special case words).
ke kane ke keiki ke aloha
the man the child "love"
na
plurality particle
na kane na keiki na wahine na hale
the men the children the women the houses
he
indefinite article ("a" or "an")
he kane he keiki he hale he wahine
a man a child a house a woman
Pronouns
'O-lelo Hawai'i makes a difference between the plural and the dual case, and also indicates whether the speaker is included in the topic or not, as indicated below, which allows speaker and respondent to be quite specific about inter-personnal relationships.
sing. pronoun
n/a
au, a'u
("I", "me")
'oe
("you, sing.")
ia
("he/she/it")
sing. possessive
n/a
ka'u/ko'u/ku'u
("my") *1
käu/kou/ko
("your") *2
käna/kona
("his/hers/its")
dual
käua
("me 'n you")
mäua
("we two, not you")
'olua
("you two")
läua
("those two")
plural
käkou
("we")
mäkou
("we, not you")
'ou.kou
("you, plur.")
läkou
("they")
*1 Ku'u is the "affectionate" possessive, as in "ku'u 'ipo " ("My Beloved")
*2 ko is neutral and very informal or colloquial.
ke keiki a Lani (the Child of Lani, Lani's Child)
Prepositions
a'e - upward, toward
aku - a way from the speaker
e - imperative or exhortation
iho - down
ma - at, in, on, beside
mai - towards speaker
no - because of
So, if you really must know, check for any words that you want the definitions of below, but if you want to have any hope of understanding anything like a complete sentence, or even a fragment, you'll have to wait a while, and concentrate on the "non-content" words that join everything together.
Articles ("the")
ka
definite article ("the") before words that start with most consonants except K and vowels other than E, A, and O.
ka wahine ka hale
the woman the house
ke
definite article ("the") before words that start with the vowels E, A, and O and before the consonant K (and some other special case words).
ke kane ke keiki ke aloha
the man the child "love"
na
plurality particle
na kane na keiki na wahine na hale
the men the children the women the houses
he
indefinite article ("a" or "an")
he kane he keiki he hale he wahine
a man a child a house a woman
Pronouns
'O-lelo Hawai'i makes a difference between the plural and the dual case, and also indicates whether the speaker is included in the topic or not, as indicated below, which allows speaker and respondent to be quite specific about inter-personnal relationships.
sing. pronoun
n/a
au, a'u
("I", "me")
'oe
("you, sing.")
ia
("he/she/it")
sing. possessive
n/a
ka'u/ko'u/ku'u
("my") *1
käu/kou/ko
("your") *2
käna/kona
("his/hers/its")
dual
käua
("me 'n you")
mäua
("we two, not you")
'olua
("you two")
läua
("those two")
plural
käkou
("we")
mäkou
("we, not you")
'ou.kou
("you, plur.")
läkou
("they")
*1 Ku'u is the "affectionate" possessive, as in "ku'u 'ipo " ("My Beloved")
*2 ko is neutral and very informal or colloquial.
ke keiki a Lani (the Child of Lani, Lani's Child)
Prepositions
a'e - upward, toward
aku - a way from the speaker
e - imperative or exhortation
iho - down
ma - at, in, on, beside
mai - towards speaker
no - because of
Hawaian Words
'a'ä
(see also: pa-hoehoe )
rough, chunky basaltic lava.
'ahi
tuna, especially yellow-fin tuna. Tuna is often served raw as poke (Hawaiian) or as sashimi (Japanese).
ali'i
chief, chiefess, king, queen, noble. Hawaiian nobility.
aloha
love. Like most Hawaiian words, it has a variety of meanings: As a greeting it means hello or goodbye. As a noun it means, compassion, mercy, love, lover, grace, kindness. As an adjective, beloved, kind, charitable. As a verb: to love, to pity, to venerate. In some contexts it can even mean alas! In the doubled form: Alohaloha means to make love, express gratitude, affection, or compassion, or to give thanks.
hale
(See also: Hale.a.ka.la- , Hale.ku.lani )
a house or building.
hana
Work.
ex: "Pau Hana " (finished work).
Also a town on Maui , accessed only by surviving a harrowing cliffside 'highway'.
haole
(See also: hau'oli )
caucasian; esp. American or English; Formerly: any foreigner. Haole plants are plants of foreign origin. It does not mean "no breath", or "bad breath" or any of the fashionable variations on that theme. It is not a racial insult. "Damn haole" (or a similar term) probably is though.
hau'oli
happy, glad, or joyful.
ex: "hau'oli makahiki hou " , Happy New Year! or
ex: "hau'oli lä hanau " , Happy Birthday!
haupia
coconut cream pudding. Famous as a staple at certain picnics.
heiau
an ancient religious site.
hemo
to remove or take off.
hou
(See also: hui )
1. New, fresh, recent.
2. Again, more. "A Hui Hou " meaning "Till we meet again".
hui
1. Club, association, firm.
2. To join, unite, introduce, meet.
3. a plus sign ("+").
hula
Traditional Hawaiian dance; squelched by early missionaries, but revived by King Kala-kaua , and performed widely today. A traditionally slow dance involving the hands to tell a story. The really fast variant is from Tahiti; don't confuse the two!
humuhumunukunukuapua'a
Hawaii's state fish; the reef triggerfish, or "Rhinecanthus rectangulu". Try breaking it up into two humu 's, and then two nuku 's, and then an a , followed by an pua'a .
kai
sea, sea water, area near the sea, brackish.
ex: "Hawai'i Kai " (a famous district east of Honolulu)
ex: "Makai " (towards the ocean).
kälua - pig
Hawaiian cuisine; shredded pork wrapped in Ki leaves and cooked in an underground earth-oven called an "imu " , with the aid of super-heated volcanic rocks and lots of water. Kids, do NOT try this at home, 'cause most hot rocks explode when you pour water on them. Traditionally the central food at a luau .
kama 'äina
Lit. "born in the land". Host, native, acquainted, familiar. This is an important concept in Hawaiian culture. If a Hawaiian calls you a "kama'a-ina " , they have just paid you a very nice compliment. You don't have to be born here to be one... it's an attitude. Some people who think they are, aren't, and lots of people who think they are not, are. The usual interpretation, however, is someone in possession of a state Driver's License.
kapa (or "Tapa")
a bark-based cloth that ancient Hawaiians made into clothes, sails, etc.
kapu
taboo, forbidden or sacred. On somebody's gate it means: "No Tresspassing".
ki (or "Ti")
a plant with long, broad leaves (Cordiline terminalis). This plant has always been very important to the Hawaiian culture. It was (and still is) used for clothes, cooking, making leis, wrapping packages, and is used in Hawaiian traditional medicine.
komo
to enter, to go in, to join a class or organization.
Kü
(See also: Lono , Pele )
a rather violent Tahitian god who sometimes appears in Hawaiian legends.
kükae
excrement.
kukui
light. Also: Hawai'i 's State Tree, better known as the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana). The nuts of this tree provided the early Hawaiians with light and they still provide oil, relishes, and medicine. Growing a kukui tree in your front yard is considered an ostentatious display of wealth.
lani
heaven, spiritual, majesty, as in: 'Io.lani ("Hawk of Heaven" or "Royal Hawk") Palace
Hale.ku.lani ("House of Heaven") hotel.
lei
a closed or open garland or wreath of flowers, leaves, shells, ivory, feathers, nuts, beads, paper or other materials worn around the neck or on the head. To put a lei on someone. A beloved child, sibling, spouse or sweetheart (because children are often carried on the shoulders with their legs draped down on both sides like a lei). Leis are very important in Hawaiian culture and there is a complicated ettiquette associated with them. "Never" refuse one. Never give a "Closed" lei to a pregnant woman, as this is considered extremely bad-luck towards the unborn child.
loa
1. far, distance, length, height (Mauna Loa )
2. very, very much (Mahalo Nui Loa )
Lono
(See also: Kü , Pele )
a Hawaiian god whom Captain Cook was mistaken for on his first visit, to the captain's great short-term benefit and eventual undoing.
lomi
to rub, press, massage. Lomilomi salmon is salt cured salmon that has been soaked and "massaged" (to get rid of some of the salt) then chopped up and mixed with chopped tomatoes, green and white onions. Goes great with poi. Traditional fare at a luau .
lua
a hole, pit, grave, or crater. A lua is a hole that has a bottom, contrasted with a puka which is a perforation. Also: a toilet.
luau
(See also: lua , Ka-lua pig, lomilomi salmon)
Feast. A traditional Hawaiian feast. Nowadays, either a tourist attraction or a gathering of locals.
mahalo
Thank you. Possibly of portugese origin. Sometimes seen with the modifiers "Nui Loa ", meaning "Big".
mahimahi (See also: nai`i porpoise)
The dolphin, or dorado fish (Coryphaena hippurus). A favorite fish to eat. If you have ever seen one (*UGH*-ly!), you know that it is definately NOT related to "Flipper".
ma.kai
(See also: mauka )
toward the sea or downslope.
malihini
stranger, or newcomer. Someone who isn't a Kama'a-ina or local.
mana
Spiritual (or supernatural) power.
ma.uka
(See also: ma.kai )
toward the inland or upslope. Famous for its inclusion in one of the local weatherperson's favourite island phrases, "Windward and Mauka showers".
mu'umu'u
Cut off, shortened, amputated, maimed. A loose gown, so called because in their haste to get the ladies covered up, the missionaries designed them without a yoke so they could be made faster (so many beautiful bodies to cover, so little time). Nowadays, designs range from casual to very formal in design. Customarily worn on Fridays to celebrate the aloha spirit. Traditionally has a flower print.
nai`i
The porpoise.
nënë
The state bird; the Hawaiian goose. Related to the Canada Goose. Once endangered, now recovering with populations growing slowly on on the Big Island and Maui. It has adapted itself to life in the harsh lava country by transforming its webbed feet into a claw-like shape and modifying its wing structure for shorter flights. Hunting and wild animals all but destroyed the species until they were protected by law and a restoration project established in 1949.
nui
much, big, as in Mahalo Nui Loa or Aloha Nui .
'ohana
family, relative, related. 'Ohana nui : Extended family or clan. Also used to describe a team or community.
'ökole
buttocks, in a good or bad sense.
'ölelo
speak, word, speech, talk, language.
ex: "'Ölelo Hawai'i ", (the Hawaiian language)
'ono
good, delicious. Frequently corrupted as "Onolicious".
pähoehoe
(See also: 'a'ä )
a smooth unbroken ropy type of lava, contrasted with 'a'a- which is chunky. `A`a- and Pa-hoehoe are Hawaiian words which have been adopted by geologists around the world to refer to these distinct types of lava.
paka.lölö
"Crazy-Weed", numbing tobacco, marijuana.
päkë
China, chinese.
Pali
cliff, as in the Na Pali ("The Cliffs") cliffs of Kauai , or the Pali lookout of
O'ahu .
pau
finished.
ex: "pau hana " (finished work).
Pele
(See also: Ku- , Lono )
red-eyed Hawaiian Goddess of the Volcano(s). Said to reside in Kilauea , after tangling with other gods, looking for a home.
pohä
to burst, crack, or break forth. Also: the Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). Often used as a jam.
poi
hawaiian cuisine; taro root pounded into a paste. Poi ferments as it ages, and is considered best if it's a couple of days old or so. A bland side-dish for eating with salted food and fish. A starch staple of many people in Hawai'i . Its taste is frequently compared humorously to that of wallpaper paste. Usually in short supply, because of high demand, and limited cultivation. Strange... (where's the free market when you need it?)
püpü
snail or appetizer. Formerly the fish, chicken or banana served with kava.
ulua
giant trevally, pampano or jackfish. A favorite sporting and edible fish.
wahine
woman, wife. Also the name of a rather winning UH Volleyball team.
wikiwiki
fast, quick. Name of those trams at the Honolulu International Airport (HNL), and a convenience store chain on the Big Island.
(see also: pa-hoehoe )
rough, chunky basaltic lava.
'ahi
tuna, especially yellow-fin tuna. Tuna is often served raw as poke (Hawaiian) or as sashimi (Japanese).
ali'i
chief, chiefess, king, queen, noble. Hawaiian nobility.
aloha
love. Like most Hawaiian words, it has a variety of meanings: As a greeting it means hello or goodbye. As a noun it means, compassion, mercy, love, lover, grace, kindness. As an adjective, beloved, kind, charitable. As a verb: to love, to pity, to venerate. In some contexts it can even mean alas! In the doubled form: Alohaloha means to make love, express gratitude, affection, or compassion, or to give thanks.
hale
(See also: Hale.a.ka.la- , Hale.ku.lani )
a house or building.
hana
Work.
ex: "Pau Hana " (finished work).
Also a town on Maui , accessed only by surviving a harrowing cliffside 'highway'.
haole
(See also: hau'oli )
caucasian; esp. American or English; Formerly: any foreigner. Haole plants are plants of foreign origin. It does not mean "no breath", or "bad breath" or any of the fashionable variations on that theme. It is not a racial insult. "Damn haole" (or a similar term) probably is though.
hau'oli
happy, glad, or joyful.
ex: "hau'oli makahiki hou " , Happy New Year! or
ex: "hau'oli lä hanau " , Happy Birthday!
haupia
coconut cream pudding. Famous as a staple at certain picnics.
heiau
an ancient religious site.
hemo
to remove or take off.
hou
(See also: hui )
1. New, fresh, recent.
2. Again, more. "A Hui Hou " meaning "Till we meet again".
hui
1. Club, association, firm.
2. To join, unite, introduce, meet.
3. a plus sign ("+").
hula
Traditional Hawaiian dance; squelched by early missionaries, but revived by King Kala-kaua , and performed widely today. A traditionally slow dance involving the hands to tell a story. The really fast variant is from Tahiti; don't confuse the two!
humuhumunukunukuapua'a
Hawaii's state fish; the reef triggerfish, or "Rhinecanthus rectangulu". Try breaking it up into two humu 's, and then two nuku 's, and then an a , followed by an pua'a .
kai
sea, sea water, area near the sea, brackish.
ex: "Hawai'i Kai " (a famous district east of Honolulu)
ex: "Makai " (towards the ocean).
kälua - pig
Hawaiian cuisine; shredded pork wrapped in Ki leaves and cooked in an underground earth-oven called an "imu " , with the aid of super-heated volcanic rocks and lots of water. Kids, do NOT try this at home, 'cause most hot rocks explode when you pour water on them. Traditionally the central food at a luau .
kama 'äina
Lit. "born in the land". Host, native, acquainted, familiar. This is an important concept in Hawaiian culture. If a Hawaiian calls you a "kama'a-ina " , they have just paid you a very nice compliment. You don't have to be born here to be one... it's an attitude. Some people who think they are, aren't, and lots of people who think they are not, are. The usual interpretation, however, is someone in possession of a state Driver's License.
kapa (or "Tapa")
a bark-based cloth that ancient Hawaiians made into clothes, sails, etc.
kapu
taboo, forbidden or sacred. On somebody's gate it means: "No Tresspassing".
ki (or "Ti")
a plant with long, broad leaves (Cordiline terminalis). This plant has always been very important to the Hawaiian culture. It was (and still is) used for clothes, cooking, making leis, wrapping packages, and is used in Hawaiian traditional medicine.
komo
to enter, to go in, to join a class or organization.
Kü
(See also: Lono , Pele )
a rather violent Tahitian god who sometimes appears in Hawaiian legends.
kükae
excrement.
kukui
light. Also: Hawai'i 's State Tree, better known as the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana). The nuts of this tree provided the early Hawaiians with light and they still provide oil, relishes, and medicine. Growing a kukui tree in your front yard is considered an ostentatious display of wealth.
lani
heaven, spiritual, majesty, as in: 'Io.lani ("Hawk of Heaven" or "Royal Hawk") Palace
Hale.ku.lani ("House of Heaven") hotel.
lei
a closed or open garland or wreath of flowers, leaves, shells, ivory, feathers, nuts, beads, paper or other materials worn around the neck or on the head. To put a lei on someone. A beloved child, sibling, spouse or sweetheart (because children are often carried on the shoulders with their legs draped down on both sides like a lei). Leis are very important in Hawaiian culture and there is a complicated ettiquette associated with them. "Never" refuse one. Never give a "Closed" lei to a pregnant woman, as this is considered extremely bad-luck towards the unborn child.
loa
1. far, distance, length, height (Mauna Loa )
2. very, very much (Mahalo Nui Loa )
Lono
(See also: Kü , Pele )
a Hawaiian god whom Captain Cook was mistaken for on his first visit, to the captain's great short-term benefit and eventual undoing.
lomi
to rub, press, massage. Lomilomi salmon is salt cured salmon that has been soaked and "massaged" (to get rid of some of the salt) then chopped up and mixed with chopped tomatoes, green and white onions. Goes great with poi. Traditional fare at a luau .
lua
a hole, pit, grave, or crater. A lua is a hole that has a bottom, contrasted with a puka which is a perforation. Also: a toilet.
luau
(See also: lua , Ka-lua pig, lomilomi salmon)
Feast. A traditional Hawaiian feast. Nowadays, either a tourist attraction or a gathering of locals.
mahalo
Thank you. Possibly of portugese origin. Sometimes seen with the modifiers "Nui Loa ", meaning "Big".
mahimahi (See also: nai`i porpoise)
The dolphin, or dorado fish (Coryphaena hippurus). A favorite fish to eat. If you have ever seen one (*UGH*-ly!), you know that it is definately NOT related to "Flipper".
ma.kai
(See also: mauka )
toward the sea or downslope.
malihini
stranger, or newcomer. Someone who isn't a Kama'a-ina or local.
mana
Spiritual (or supernatural) power.
ma.uka
(See also: ma.kai )
toward the inland or upslope. Famous for its inclusion in one of the local weatherperson's favourite island phrases, "Windward and Mauka showers".
mu'umu'u
Cut off, shortened, amputated, maimed. A loose gown, so called because in their haste to get the ladies covered up, the missionaries designed them without a yoke so they could be made faster (so many beautiful bodies to cover, so little time). Nowadays, designs range from casual to very formal in design. Customarily worn on Fridays to celebrate the aloha spirit. Traditionally has a flower print.
nai`i
The porpoise.
nënë
The state bird; the Hawaiian goose. Related to the Canada Goose. Once endangered, now recovering with populations growing slowly on on the Big Island and Maui. It has adapted itself to life in the harsh lava country by transforming its webbed feet into a claw-like shape and modifying its wing structure for shorter flights. Hunting and wild animals all but destroyed the species until they were protected by law and a restoration project established in 1949.
nui
much, big, as in Mahalo Nui Loa or Aloha Nui .
'ohana
family, relative, related. 'Ohana nui : Extended family or clan. Also used to describe a team or community.
'ökole
buttocks, in a good or bad sense.
'ölelo
speak, word, speech, talk, language.
ex: "'Ölelo Hawai'i ", (the Hawaiian language)
'ono
good, delicious. Frequently corrupted as "Onolicious".
pähoehoe
(See also: 'a'ä )
a smooth unbroken ropy type of lava, contrasted with 'a'a- which is chunky. `A`a- and Pa-hoehoe are Hawaiian words which have been adopted by geologists around the world to refer to these distinct types of lava.
paka.lölö
"Crazy-Weed", numbing tobacco, marijuana.
päkë
China, chinese.
Pali
cliff, as in the Na Pali ("The Cliffs") cliffs of Kauai , or the Pali lookout of
O'ahu .
pau
finished.
ex: "pau hana " (finished work).
Pele
(See also: Ku- , Lono )
red-eyed Hawaiian Goddess of the Volcano(s). Said to reside in Kilauea , after tangling with other gods, looking for a home.
pohä
to burst, crack, or break forth. Also: the Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). Often used as a jam.
poi
hawaiian cuisine; taro root pounded into a paste. Poi ferments as it ages, and is considered best if it's a couple of days old or so. A bland side-dish for eating with salted food and fish. A starch staple of many people in Hawai'i . Its taste is frequently compared humorously to that of wallpaper paste. Usually in short supply, because of high demand, and limited cultivation. Strange... (where's the free market when you need it?)
püpü
snail or appetizer. Formerly the fish, chicken or banana served with kava.
ulua
giant trevally, pampano or jackfish. A favorite sporting and edible fish.
wahine
woman, wife. Also the name of a rather winning UH Volleyball team.
wikiwiki
fast, quick. Name of those trams at the Honolulu International Airport (HNL), and a convenience store chain on the Big Island.
Hawaiian Lessons
HA’AWINA ‘EHIKU – Lesson Seven
Papa'ölelo
aia i hea - where is/are
mahalo nui loa - thank you very much
anei - (used in interrogatives indicating a question, not translated)
manawa - time (ke)
'eke - bag, purse
nüpepa - newspaper
hae - flag
päpale - hat
këia manawa - right now
peni - pen
lokomaika'i - generous, gracious, kind
pepa - paper
ma hea - where is/are
Aia and Possessive Locational Sentences
Aia is also used to describe situations when someone has something.
Po'o aia + piko + 'awe location
Aia ka puke a ka haumäna i ka 'ïlio - The dog has the student's book
Aia ke 'eke a ka wahine i ke kumu - The teacher has the woman's bag
Aia ka hae i këlä käne - That man has the flag
k possessives versus k-less. Possessives are divided into a and o categories, and in addition, the k and k-less categories. Example:
k: ka'u (my) ko'u (my) k-less: a'u (my) o'u (my)
1) if the article (ka'i) is supplied elsewhere example: ka hale o'u - the house of mine/ my house
2) if the sentence has a number (negative, zero and up) in place of the article.
This will be explained in a later lesson dealing with numbers and possessives.
k possessives O : ko’u, kou, kona, ko käua, ko mäua, ko käkou, ko mäkou, ko läua, ko läkou
k-less possessives O : o’u, ou, ona, o käua, o mäua, o käkou, o mäkou. o läua, o läkou
k possessives A : ka’u, käu, käna, kä käua, kä mäua, ka käkou, ka mäkou, ka läua, ka läkou
k-less possessives A : a’u, au, ana, a käu, a mäua, a käkou, a mäkou, a läua, a läkou
When the possessor is a kikino, ko and kä are placed directly in front of the ka'i of the kikino. If the possessor is an i'oa, ko and kä are placed directly in front of the i'oa.
Kä ka pöpoki mea 'ai. - The cat's food.
Ko ke kanaka käma'a. - The person's shoe.
Kä Manu pepa. - Manu's paper.
This form is an alternative to using the k-less possessives.
Ka mea 'ai a ka pöpoki. - The cat's food.
Ke käma'a o ke kanaka. - The person's shoe.
Ka pepa a Manu. - Manu's paper.
Later you will learn more uses of ko and kä.
Directionals. There are four words in Hawaiian that follow verbs indicating the direction or movement in which something is happening or being done. Sometimes they are not translated into English.
1) mai: toward the speaker
2) aku: away from the speaker
3) iho: in a downward direction
4) a'e: upward, back and forth, sideways
hele mai -- come (toward the speaker)
hele aku - go (away from the speaker)
hä'awi mai - give (to the speaker)
hä'awi aku - give away
kü'ai mai - buy
kü'ai aku - sell
lawe mai - bring
lawe aku - take
'ai iho - eat (iho is not translated)
kelepona a'e - telephone; to call by phone (a'e is not translated)
Ka pepeke nono'a me "he": he pattern to describe "to have". The verb "to have" doesn't exist in Hawaiian but there is another way to express that thought by using "he":
he + thing possessed + ko/kä + possessor
He mea'ai kä käua - we have food
He pöpoki kä Malu - Malu has a cat
He kupuna lokomaika'i ko'u - I have a kind grandparent
He puke kä kou hoaaloha - your friend has a book
He lumi ko ka wahine - the woman has a room
He penikala kä ka haumäna - the student has a pencil
He ka'a ko ko'u tutu - my grandma has a car
To indicate a helunui (plural), just add mau in front of the kikino.
he + mau + thing possessed + ko/kä + possessor
He mau manu kä ke keikikäne - The boy has birds
He mau noho ko 'oukou - you (more than two) have chairs
He mau pepa käu - you have papers
He mau päpale ko nä wähine - The women have hats
Päpä'ölelo
Ulu: E Näwa'a, 'ike anei 'oe, aia i hea ko'u käma'a? Hey Näwa'a, do you see where my shoe is?
Näwa'a: 'Ae, ua 'ike wau i kou käma'a i ke alanui. Yes, I saw your shoe on the road.
Ulu: Auë! Ua lawe aku ka'u 'ïlio kolohe i ke käma'a! Oh no! My rascal dog took the shoe.
Näwa'a: 'A'ole pilikia. E lawe mai ana au i kou käma'a. No problem. I'll bring your shoe.
Ulu: Mahalo nui loa. E kelepona a'e au i ka'u wahine, no ka mea 'a'ole 'o ia i 'ike. Aia 'o ia i ka hana i këia lä. Thank you very much. I'll call my wife because she didn't know. She is at work today.
Näwa'a: A ma hea kou 'ïlio kolohe? And where is your mischievous dog?
Ulu: Aia 'o ia ma 'ö. 'Ike 'oe iä ia? Auë! Aia iä ia ko'u päpale hou i këia manawa!
He is over there. Do you see him? Oh no! He has my new hat right now!
marloncori@hotmail.com
marlon@aluno.unb.br
E 'ölelo Hawai'i käkou!!!
Papa'ölelo
aia i hea - where is/are
mahalo nui loa - thank you very much
anei - (used in interrogatives indicating a question, not translated)
manawa - time (ke)
'eke - bag, purse
nüpepa - newspaper
hae - flag
päpale - hat
këia manawa - right now
peni - pen
lokomaika'i - generous, gracious, kind
pepa - paper
ma hea - where is/are
Aia and Possessive Locational Sentences
Aia is also used to describe situations when someone has something.
Po'o aia + piko + 'awe location
Aia ka puke a ka haumäna i ka 'ïlio - The dog has the student's book
Aia ke 'eke a ka wahine i ke kumu - The teacher has the woman's bag
Aia ka hae i këlä käne - That man has the flag
k possessives versus k-less. Possessives are divided into a and o categories, and in addition, the k and k-less categories. Example:
k: ka'u (my) ko'u (my) k-less: a'u (my) o'u (my)
1) if the article (ka'i) is supplied elsewhere example: ka hale o'u - the house of mine/ my house
2) if the sentence has a number (negative, zero and up) in place of the article.
This will be explained in a later lesson dealing with numbers and possessives.
k possessives O : ko’u, kou, kona, ko käua, ko mäua, ko käkou, ko mäkou, ko läua, ko läkou
k-less possessives O : o’u, ou, ona, o käua, o mäua, o käkou, o mäkou. o läua, o läkou
k possessives A : ka’u, käu, käna, kä käua, kä mäua, ka käkou, ka mäkou, ka läua, ka läkou
k-less possessives A : a’u, au, ana, a käu, a mäua, a käkou, a mäkou, a läua, a läkou
When the possessor is a kikino, ko and kä are placed directly in front of the ka'i of the kikino. If the possessor is an i'oa, ko and kä are placed directly in front of the i'oa.
Kä ka pöpoki mea 'ai. - The cat's food.
Ko ke kanaka käma'a. - The person's shoe.
Kä Manu pepa. - Manu's paper.
This form is an alternative to using the k-less possessives.
Ka mea 'ai a ka pöpoki. - The cat's food.
Ke käma'a o ke kanaka. - The person's shoe.
Ka pepa a Manu. - Manu's paper.
Later you will learn more uses of ko and kä.
Directionals. There are four words in Hawaiian that follow verbs indicating the direction or movement in which something is happening or being done. Sometimes they are not translated into English.
1) mai: toward the speaker
2) aku: away from the speaker
3) iho: in a downward direction
4) a'e: upward, back and forth, sideways
hele mai -- come (toward the speaker)
hele aku - go (away from the speaker)
hä'awi mai - give (to the speaker)
hä'awi aku - give away
kü'ai mai - buy
kü'ai aku - sell
lawe mai - bring
lawe aku - take
'ai iho - eat (iho is not translated)
kelepona a'e - telephone; to call by phone (a'e is not translated)
Ka pepeke nono'a me "he": he pattern to describe "to have". The verb "to have" doesn't exist in Hawaiian but there is another way to express that thought by using "he":
he + thing possessed + ko/kä + possessor
He mea'ai kä käua - we have food
He pöpoki kä Malu - Malu has a cat
He kupuna lokomaika'i ko'u - I have a kind grandparent
He puke kä kou hoaaloha - your friend has a book
He lumi ko ka wahine - the woman has a room
He penikala kä ka haumäna - the student has a pencil
He ka'a ko ko'u tutu - my grandma has a car
To indicate a helunui (plural), just add mau in front of the kikino.
he + mau + thing possessed + ko/kä + possessor
He mau manu kä ke keikikäne - The boy has birds
He mau noho ko 'oukou - you (more than two) have chairs
He mau pepa käu - you have papers
He mau päpale ko nä wähine - The women have hats
Päpä'ölelo
Ulu: E Näwa'a, 'ike anei 'oe, aia i hea ko'u käma'a? Hey Näwa'a, do you see where my shoe is?
Näwa'a: 'Ae, ua 'ike wau i kou käma'a i ke alanui. Yes, I saw your shoe on the road.
Ulu: Auë! Ua lawe aku ka'u 'ïlio kolohe i ke käma'a! Oh no! My rascal dog took the shoe.
Näwa'a: 'A'ole pilikia. E lawe mai ana au i kou käma'a. No problem. I'll bring your shoe.
Ulu: Mahalo nui loa. E kelepona a'e au i ka'u wahine, no ka mea 'a'ole 'o ia i 'ike. Aia 'o ia i ka hana i këia lä. Thank you very much. I'll call my wife because she didn't know. She is at work today.
Näwa'a: A ma hea kou 'ïlio kolohe? And where is your mischievous dog?
Ulu: Aia 'o ia ma 'ö. 'Ike 'oe iä ia? Auë! Aia iä ia ko'u päpale hou i këia manawa!
He is over there. Do you see him? Oh no! He has my new hat right now!
marloncori@hotmail.com
marlon@aluno.unb.br
E 'ölelo Hawai'i käkou!!!
Hawaiian Lessons
HA’AWINA ‘EONO – Lesson Six
Papa'ölelo
'ai - to eat
lumi - room
'äina - land
ma'i - sick
akua - god
maka'u - afraid, fear
alanui - road, street
mana'o - to think, thought, idea
ali'i - chief
maopopo - to understand, to be known
aloha 'ino - too bad, what a pity, how awful
mea 'ai - food
'ane'i - here
moku - island, ship
'eha - to hurt, pain, sore
mo'olelo - story
hale ma'i - hospital
mo'opuna - grandchild
hanohano - to glorify, to honor, glorious, magnificent
na'auao - intelligent, wise
hemahema - awkward
na'aupö - ignorant
hilahila - shy, ashamed, embarrassed
namu - to mumble
hua - fruit, seed
nehinei - yesterday
huahelu - number
nïnau - to ask questions, to inquire
hua'ölelo - word
'ö - there (distant)
ipo - sweetheart
papa he'enalu - surf board
ka'a - car
papa'ele'ele - black board
käma'a - shoe
pane - answer, to answer
kauka - doctor
päpale - hat, to wear a hat
kinipöpö - ball
pä'ü - woman's skirt
kü'ai mai - to buy
pepa - paper
kü'ai aku - to sell
pupuka - ugly
lä'au - medicine, wood, stick
pupule - crazy
lähui - race, ethnicity
pü - together, too (kähulu with verbs)
lani - heaven, sky
u'i - handsome, beautiful
lei - garland
wahi - place
lole - clothes, clothing, to wear clothes
wai - water (fresh)
Pepeke henua & the use of aia. The pepeke henua (locational sentence) is used to tell where or when something is either in relation to space or time. po'o piko 'awe
Aia ke kumu ma 'ane'i - The teacher is here
Aia 'o Manu i ka hale - Manu is in the house
Aia 'o Glendale ma Kaleponi - Glendale is in California
Aia 'o Pono me 'oe - Pono is with you
Aia 'o ia i ka länai - He is on the lanai
Aia ko'u hale ma ke alanui Central - My house is on Central Avenue.
Aia ka papa 'ölelo Hawai'i i nehinei - The Hawaiian language class was yesterday.
When the 'awe is a papani or i'oa, then the 'awe comes before piko.
po'o aia + 'awe location + piko
Aia iä Pi'i ka'u penikala? Does Pi'i have my pencil?
Aia iä 'oe ka helu kelepona? Do you have the telephone number?
Aia iä wai ka puke? Who has the book?
Aia ia'u ke käma'a - I have the shoe
Nä 'ami nono'a: kino'ö & kino'ä (o & a possessives) There are two possessive forms in Hawaiian to mean "of": the o form and the a form. The use of a versus o depends on what is being possessed.
O category: Things that you have no control over like older relatives, siblings, emotions or body parts. Things that are not living also fall into this category. Things that you can get into (ride), on, under, behind or wear as well as things you inherit, fall into this category.
A category: Things that you make, generate, obtain, acquire or achieve throughout life such as animals or children, fall into this category.
o category a category po'e: hoaloha, akua, ali'i, kupuna, tütü makua, po'e, lähui po'e: käne, wahine, ipo, keiki, mo'opuna kumu, haumäna ko ke kino: kino, lima, poli, po'o nä lole: käma'a, lole, päpale, pä'ü nä painu: hele nä painu: hana, hele, helu, heluhelu, namu, nïnau, 'ölelo, pane nä meme'a 'a'ano/hehele/hamani: akamai, aloha, 'eha, hanohano, hau'oli, hemahema, hilahila, maka'u, ma'i, mana'o, maopopo, na'auao, na'aupö, nani, pupule, u'i, pupuka conveyances: ka'a, papa he'enalu, wa'a kekahi mea 'ë a'e: 'äina, hale, inoa, kula, lani, lei, lumi, mo'olelo, moku, noho (chair), wahi kekahi mau mea 'ë a'e: 'ai, hua, huahelu, hua'ölelo, mea'ai, papa'ele'ele, penikala, papa (class), pepa, puke, wai, kinipöpö
There are some words where the meanings change depending if you're using an a or o possessive.
lei ko'u - my lei (to wear) lei ka'u - my lei (lei that I made)
ki'i ko'u - my picture (of myself) ki'i ka'u - my picture (a picture that I made/took)
Other examples will be given later in future lessons.
Päpä'ölelo
U'ilani: Aloha e Ku'uleialoha! Pehea 'oe? Aloha Ku'uleialoha. How are you?
Ku'uleialoha: 'Eha ko'u po'o. My head hurts.
U'ilani: Auë, aloha 'ino! No ke aha? Aw, too bad. Why?
Ku'uleialoha: 'Ano 'öma'ima'i au. I'm kind of sick.
U'ilani: A pehea kou mau mäkua? A käu mau keiki? And how are your parents? And your children? Ku'uleialoha: Maika'i läkou apau, a e hele ana ka'u mau keiki i ke kula. They are all fine and my children are going to school.
U'ilani: He mea maika'i nö këlä! E hele ana 'oe i ke kauka? That's good! Are you going to the doctor? Ku'uleialoha: 'Ae, a e kü'ai mai ana au i ka lä'au. Yes and I'm going to buy medicine.
U'ilani: E mälama pono e Ku'ulei. A hui hou! Take care Ku'ulei. See you later.
Ku'uleialoha: Mahalo e U'i! A hui hou aku nö. Thank you U'i! See you later then.
Papa'ölelo
'ai - to eat
lumi - room
'äina - land
ma'i - sick
akua - god
maka'u - afraid, fear
alanui - road, street
mana'o - to think, thought, idea
ali'i - chief
maopopo - to understand, to be known
aloha 'ino - too bad, what a pity, how awful
mea 'ai - food
'ane'i - here
moku - island, ship
'eha - to hurt, pain, sore
mo'olelo - story
hale ma'i - hospital
mo'opuna - grandchild
hanohano - to glorify, to honor, glorious, magnificent
na'auao - intelligent, wise
hemahema - awkward
na'aupö - ignorant
hilahila - shy, ashamed, embarrassed
namu - to mumble
hua - fruit, seed
nehinei - yesterday
huahelu - number
nïnau - to ask questions, to inquire
hua'ölelo - word
'ö - there (distant)
ipo - sweetheart
papa he'enalu - surf board
ka'a - car
papa'ele'ele - black board
käma'a - shoe
pane - answer, to answer
kauka - doctor
päpale - hat, to wear a hat
kinipöpö - ball
pä'ü - woman's skirt
kü'ai mai - to buy
pepa - paper
kü'ai aku - to sell
pupuka - ugly
lä'au - medicine, wood, stick
pupule - crazy
lähui - race, ethnicity
pü - together, too (kähulu with verbs)
lani - heaven, sky
u'i - handsome, beautiful
lei - garland
wahi - place
lole - clothes, clothing, to wear clothes
wai - water (fresh)
Pepeke henua & the use of aia. The pepeke henua (locational sentence) is used to tell where or when something is either in relation to space or time. po'o piko 'awe
Aia ke kumu ma 'ane'i - The teacher is here
Aia 'o Manu i ka hale - Manu is in the house
Aia 'o Glendale ma Kaleponi - Glendale is in California
Aia 'o Pono me 'oe - Pono is with you
Aia 'o ia i ka länai - He is on the lanai
Aia ko'u hale ma ke alanui Central - My house is on Central Avenue.
Aia ka papa 'ölelo Hawai'i i nehinei - The Hawaiian language class was yesterday.
When the 'awe is a papani or i'oa, then the 'awe comes before piko.
po'o aia + 'awe location + piko
Aia iä Pi'i ka'u penikala? Does Pi'i have my pencil?
Aia iä 'oe ka helu kelepona? Do you have the telephone number?
Aia iä wai ka puke? Who has the book?
Aia ia'u ke käma'a - I have the shoe
Nä 'ami nono'a: kino'ö & kino'ä (o & a possessives) There are two possessive forms in Hawaiian to mean "of": the o form and the a form. The use of a versus o depends on what is being possessed.
O category: Things that you have no control over like older relatives, siblings, emotions or body parts. Things that are not living also fall into this category. Things that you can get into (ride), on, under, behind or wear as well as things you inherit, fall into this category.
A category: Things that you make, generate, obtain, acquire or achieve throughout life such as animals or children, fall into this category.
o category a category po'e: hoaloha, akua, ali'i, kupuna, tütü makua, po'e, lähui po'e: käne, wahine, ipo, keiki, mo'opuna kumu, haumäna ko ke kino: kino, lima, poli, po'o nä lole: käma'a, lole, päpale, pä'ü nä painu: hele nä painu: hana, hele, helu, heluhelu, namu, nïnau, 'ölelo, pane nä meme'a 'a'ano/hehele/hamani: akamai, aloha, 'eha, hanohano, hau'oli, hemahema, hilahila, maka'u, ma'i, mana'o, maopopo, na'auao, na'aupö, nani, pupule, u'i, pupuka conveyances: ka'a, papa he'enalu, wa'a kekahi mea 'ë a'e: 'äina, hale, inoa, kula, lani, lei, lumi, mo'olelo, moku, noho (chair), wahi kekahi mau mea 'ë a'e: 'ai, hua, huahelu, hua'ölelo, mea'ai, papa'ele'ele, penikala, papa (class), pepa, puke, wai, kinipöpö
There are some words where the meanings change depending if you're using an a or o possessive.
lei ko'u - my lei (to wear) lei ka'u - my lei (lei that I made)
ki'i ko'u - my picture (of myself) ki'i ka'u - my picture (a picture that I made/took)
Other examples will be given later in future lessons.
Päpä'ölelo
U'ilani: Aloha e Ku'uleialoha! Pehea 'oe? Aloha Ku'uleialoha. How are you?
Ku'uleialoha: 'Eha ko'u po'o. My head hurts.
U'ilani: Auë, aloha 'ino! No ke aha? Aw, too bad. Why?
Ku'uleialoha: 'Ano 'öma'ima'i au. I'm kind of sick.
U'ilani: A pehea kou mau mäkua? A käu mau keiki? And how are your parents? And your children? Ku'uleialoha: Maika'i läkou apau, a e hele ana ka'u mau keiki i ke kula. They are all fine and my children are going to school.
U'ilani: He mea maika'i nö këlä! E hele ana 'oe i ke kauka? That's good! Are you going to the doctor? Ku'uleialoha: 'Ae, a e kü'ai mai ana au i ka lä'au. Yes and I'm going to buy medicine.
U'ilani: E mälama pono e Ku'ulei. A hui hou! Take care Ku'ulei. See you later.
Ku'uleialoha: Mahalo e U'i! A hui hou aku nö. Thank you U'i! See you later then.
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