Um pouco de Groenlandês / Sentences in Greenlandic...

"ENGLISH - GREENLANDIC" VOCABULARY

Good morning - Kumoorn!

Hi- Hej / Aluu!

What is your name? - Qanoq ateqarpit?

Where do you live? - Sumi najugaparpit?

How old are you - Qassinik ukioqarpit?

How are you? - Qanorippit?

How are you all? - Qanorippisi?

Do you speak English? - Tuluttut oqaluttarpit?

Yes - Aap / Suu

a little - immannguaq

in Greenlandic - Kalaallisut

in Danish - Qallunaatut

I don’t understand - Paasinngilara.

Unfortunately (not) - Ajorluartumik

slowly - arritsumik

I am English - Tuluuvunga.

I am an American - Amerikarmiuuvunga.

That’s alright - Ajuungilaq.

Do you want one? - Perusuppit?

No, thank you. - Naamik, qujanq.

Do you want to come? - Ilaaniarit?

Do you all want to come? - Ilaaniarisi?

I haven’t got time. - Piffissanqanngilanga.

Shall/may I help you? - Ikiussavakkit.

Where is … ? - … sumiippa?

Thank you. - Qujanaq.

Thanks! - Qujan!

Hello (good day)! - Kutaa!

Good night! - Kunaat!

Sleep well! (singular) - Sinilluarit!

Sleep well! (plural) - Sinilluaritsi!

My name is… - …-mik ateqarpunga.

I live in/at - …-mi najugaqrpunga.

I am … years old - …-nik ukioqarpunga.

I am fine - Ajunngilanga.

We’re fine- Ajunngilagut.

Do you speak Danish? - Qallunaatut oqaluttarpit?

No. - Naamik.

What is it called? - Qanoq taasarpaat?

What does that mean? - Qanoq isumaqarpa?

What did you say? - Qanoq?

I don’t know - Naluara.

Please repeat that. - Utilaaruk.

I’m a Dane - Qallunaavunga.

I’m a Greenlander - Kalaaliuvunga.

Sorry! / Excuse me! - Utoqqatserpunga!

That is beautiful! - Kusanaq!

Where are you going? - Sumukalerpit?

Ok/sure. - Okay/Qaami.

Please help me. - Ikiulaannga.

Where is the shop? - Pisiniarfik sumiippa.

Over there - ikani.

Yes, bye. - Suu, baj.

Hawaiian

'O-lelo Hawai'i is both simpler and more complex that English, and this is far from an authoritative introduction to the language. It would be best to carefully check out a good text on the subject, but since I don't have access to one, I have been forced to rely on a small dictionary, a bunch of example dialogue that I have seen, and a small pinch of guile....
So, if you really must know, check for any words that you want the definitions of below, but if you want to have any hope of understanding anything like a complete sentence, or even a fragment, you'll have to wait a while, and concentrate on the "non-content" words that join everything together.


Articles ("the")

ka
definite article ("the") before words that start with most consonants except K and vowels other than E, A, and O.
ka wahine ka hale
the woman the house


ke
definite article ("the") before words that start with the vowels E, A, and O and before the consonant K (and some other special case words).
ke kane ke keiki ke aloha
the man the child "love"


na
plurality particle
na kane na keiki na wahine na hale
the men the children the women the houses


he
indefinite article ("a" or "an")
he kane he keiki he hale he wahine
a man a child a house a woman

Pronouns
'O-lelo Hawai'i makes a difference between the plural and the dual case, and also indicates whether the speaker is included in the topic or not, as indicated below, which allows speaker and respondent to be quite specific about inter-personnal relationships.

sing. pronoun
n/a
au, a'u
("I", "me")
'oe
("you, sing.")
ia
("he/she/it")

sing. possessive
n/a
ka'u/ko'u/ku'u
("my") *1
käu/kou/ko
("your") *2
käna/kona
("his/hers/its")

dual
käua
("me 'n you")
mäua
("we two, not you")
'olua
("you two")
läua
("those two")

plural
käkou
("we")
mäkou
("we, not you")
'ou.kou
("you, plur.")
läkou
("they")

*1 Ku'u is the "affectionate" possessive, as in "ku'u 'ipo " ("My Beloved")
*2 ko is neutral and very informal or colloquial.
ke keiki a Lani (the Child of Lani, Lani's Child)

Prepositions
a'e - upward, toward
aku - a way from the speaker
e - imperative or exhortation
iho - down
ma - at, in, on, beside
mai - towards speaker
no - because of

Hawaian Words

'a'ä
(see also: pa-hoehoe )
rough, chunky basaltic lava.

'ahi
tuna, especially yellow-fin tuna. Tuna is often served raw as poke (Hawaiian) or as sashimi (Japanese).

ali'i
chief, chiefess, king, queen, noble. Hawaiian nobility.

aloha
love. Like most Hawaiian words, it has a variety of meanings: As a greeting it means hello or goodbye. As a noun it means, compassion, mercy, love, lover, grace, kindness. As an adjective, beloved, kind, charitable. As a verb: to love, to pity, to venerate. In some contexts it can even mean alas! In the doubled form: Alohaloha means to make love, express gratitude, affection, or compassion, or to give thanks.

hale
(See also: Hale.a.ka.la- , Hale.ku.lani )
a house or building.

hana
Work.
ex: "Pau Hana " (finished work).
Also a town on Maui , accessed only by surviving a harrowing cliffside 'highway'.

haole
(See also: hau'oli )
caucasian; esp. American or English; Formerly: any foreigner. Haole plants are plants of foreign origin. It does not mean "no breath", or "bad breath" or any of the fashionable variations on that theme. It is not a racial insult. "Damn haole" (or a similar term) probably is though.

hau'oli
happy, glad, or joyful.
ex: "hau'oli makahiki hou " , Happy New Year! or
ex: "hau'oli lä hanau " , Happy Birthday!

haupia
coconut cream pudding. Famous as a staple at certain picnics.

heiau
an ancient religious site.

hemo
to remove or take off.

hou
(See also: hui )
1. New, fresh, recent.
2. Again, more. "A Hui Hou " meaning "Till we meet again".

hui
1. Club, association, firm.
2. To join, unite, introduce, meet.
3. a plus sign ("+").

hula
Traditional Hawaiian dance; squelched by early missionaries, but revived by King Kala-kaua , and performed widely today. A traditionally slow dance involving the hands to tell a story. The really fast variant is from Tahiti; don't confuse the two!

humuhumunukunukuapua'a
Hawaii's state fish; the reef triggerfish, or "Rhinecanthus rectangulu". Try breaking it up into two humu 's, and then two nuku 's, and then an a , followed by an pua'a .

kai
sea, sea water, area near the sea, brackish.
ex: "Hawai'i Kai " (a famous district east of Honolulu)
ex: "Makai " (towards the ocean).

kälua - pig
Hawaiian cuisine; shredded pork wrapped in Ki leaves and cooked in an underground earth-oven called an "imu " , with the aid of super-heated volcanic rocks and lots of water. Kids, do NOT try this at home, 'cause most hot rocks explode when you pour water on them. Traditionally the central food at a luau .

kama 'äina
Lit. "born in the land". Host, native, acquainted, familiar. This is an important concept in Hawaiian culture. If a Hawaiian calls you a "kama'a-ina " , they have just paid you a very nice compliment. You don't have to be born here to be one... it's an attitude. Some people who think they are, aren't, and lots of people who think they are not, are. The usual interpretation, however, is someone in possession of a state Driver's License.

kapa (or "Tapa")
a bark-based cloth that ancient Hawaiians made into clothes, sails, etc.

kapu
taboo, forbidden or sacred. On somebody's gate it means: "No Tresspassing".

ki (or "Ti")
a plant with long, broad leaves (Cordiline terminalis). This plant has always been very important to the Hawaiian culture. It was (and still is) used for clothes, cooking, making leis, wrapping packages, and is used in Hawaiian traditional medicine.

komo
to enter, to go in, to join a class or organization.

Kü
(See also: Lono , Pele )
a rather violent Tahitian god who sometimes appears in Hawaiian legends.

kükae
excrement.

kukui
light. Also: Hawai'i 's State Tree, better known as the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana). The nuts of this tree provided the early Hawaiians with light and they still provide oil, relishes, and medicine. Growing a kukui tree in your front yard is considered an ostentatious display of wealth.

lani
heaven, spiritual, majesty, as in: 'Io.lani ("Hawk of Heaven" or "Royal Hawk") Palace
Hale.ku.lani ("House of Heaven") hotel.

lei
a closed or open garland or wreath of flowers, leaves, shells, ivory, feathers, nuts, beads, paper or other materials worn around the neck or on the head. To put a lei on someone. A beloved child, sibling, spouse or sweetheart (because children are often carried on the shoulders with their legs draped down on both sides like a lei). Leis are very important in Hawaiian culture and there is a complicated ettiquette associated with them. "Never" refuse one. Never give a "Closed" lei to a pregnant woman, as this is considered extremely bad-luck towards the unborn child.

loa
1. far, distance, length, height (Mauna Loa )
2. very, very much (Mahalo Nui Loa )

Lono
(See also: Kü , Pele )
a Hawaiian god whom Captain Cook was mistaken for on his first visit, to the captain's great short-term benefit and eventual undoing.

lomi
to rub, press, massage. Lomilomi salmon is salt cured salmon that has been soaked and "massaged" (to get rid of some of the salt) then chopped up and mixed with chopped tomatoes, green and white onions. Goes great with poi. Traditional fare at a luau .

lua
a hole, pit, grave, or crater. A lua is a hole that has a bottom, contrasted with a puka which is a perforation. Also: a toilet.

luau
(See also: lua , Ka-lua pig, lomilomi salmon)
Feast. A traditional Hawaiian feast. Nowadays, either a tourist attraction or a gathering of locals.

mahalo
Thank you. Possibly of portugese origin. Sometimes seen with the modifiers "Nui Loa ", meaning "Big".

mahimahi (See also: nai`i porpoise)
The dolphin, or dorado fish (Coryphaena hippurus). A favorite fish to eat. If you have ever seen one (*UGH*-ly!), you know that it is definately NOT related to "Flipper".

ma.kai
(See also: mauka )
toward the sea or downslope.

malihini
stranger, or newcomer. Someone who isn't a Kama'a-ina or local.

mana
Spiritual (or supernatural) power.

ma.uka
(See also: ma.kai )
toward the inland or upslope. Famous for its inclusion in one of the local weatherperson's favourite island phrases, "Windward and Mauka showers".

mu'umu'u
Cut off, shortened, amputated, maimed. A loose gown, so called because in their haste to get the ladies covered up, the missionaries designed them without a yoke so they could be made faster (so many beautiful bodies to cover, so little time). Nowadays, designs range from casual to very formal in design. Customarily worn on Fridays to celebrate the aloha spirit. Traditionally has a flower print.

nai`i
The porpoise.

nënë
The state bird; the Hawaiian goose. Related to the Canada Goose. Once endangered, now recovering with populations growing slowly on on the Big Island and Maui. It has adapted itself to life in the harsh lava country by transforming its webbed feet into a claw-like shape and modifying its wing structure for shorter flights. Hunting and wild animals all but destroyed the species until they were protected by law and a restoration project established in 1949.

nui
much, big, as in Mahalo Nui Loa or Aloha Nui .

'ohana
family, relative, related. 'Ohana nui : Extended family or clan. Also used to describe a team or community.

'ökole
buttocks, in a good or bad sense.

'ölelo
speak, word, speech, talk, language.
ex: "'Ölelo Hawai'i ", (the Hawaiian language)

'ono
good, delicious. Frequently corrupted as "Onolicious".

pähoehoe
(See also: 'a'ä )
a smooth unbroken ropy type of lava, contrasted with 'a'a- which is chunky. `A`a- and Pa-hoehoe are Hawaiian words which have been adopted by geologists around the world to refer to these distinct types of lava.

paka.lölö
"Crazy-Weed", numbing tobacco, marijuana.

päkë
China, chinese.

Pali
cliff, as in the Na Pali ("The Cliffs") cliffs of Kauai , or the Pali lookout of
O'ahu .

pau
finished.
ex: "pau hana " (finished work).

Pele
(See also: Ku- , Lono )
red-eyed Hawaiian Goddess of the Volcano(s). Said to reside in Kilauea , after tangling with other gods, looking for a home.

pohä
to burst, crack, or break forth. Also: the Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). Often used as a jam.

poi
hawaiian cuisine; taro root pounded into a paste. Poi ferments as it ages, and is considered best if it's a couple of days old or so. A bland side-dish for eating with salted food and fish. A starch staple of many people in Hawai'i . Its taste is frequently compared humorously to that of wallpaper paste. Usually in short supply, because of high demand, and limited cultivation. Strange... (where's the free market when you need it?)

püpü
snail or appetizer. Formerly the fish, chicken or banana served with kava.

ulua
giant trevally, pampano or jackfish. A favorite sporting and edible fish.

wahine
woman, wife. Also the name of a rather winning UH Volleyball team.

wikiwiki
fast, quick. Name of those trams at the Honolulu International Airport (HNL), and a convenience store chain on the Big Island.

Hawaiian Lessons

HA’AWINA ‘EHIKU – Lesson Seven

Papa'ölelo

aia i hea - where is/are
mahalo nui loa - thank you very much
anei - (used in interrogatives indicating a question, not translated)
manawa - time (ke)
'eke - bag, purse
nüpepa - newspaper
hae - flag
päpale - hat
këia manawa - right now
peni - pen
lokomaika'i - generous, gracious, kind
pepa - paper
ma hea - where is/are

Aia and Possessive Locational Sentences

Aia is also used to describe situations when someone has something.

Po'o aia + piko + 'awe location

Aia ka puke a ka haumäna i ka 'ïlio - The dog has the student's book
Aia ke 'eke a ka wahine i ke kumu - The teacher has the woman's bag
Aia ka hae i këlä käne - That man has the flag

k possessives versus k-less. Possessives are divided into a and o categories, and in addition, the k and k-less categories. Example:

k: ka'u (my) ko'u (my) k-less: a'u (my) o'u (my)

1) if the article (ka'i) is supplied elsewhere example: ka hale o'u - the house of mine/ my house
2) if the sentence has a number (negative, zero and up) in place of the article.
This will be explained in a later lesson dealing with numbers and possessives.

k possessives O : ko’u, kou, kona, ko käua, ko mäua, ko käkou, ko mäkou, ko läua, ko läkou
k-less possessives O : o’u, ou, ona, o käua, o mäua, o käkou, o mäkou. o läua, o läkou
k possessives A : ka’u, käu, käna, kä käua, kä mäua, ka käkou, ka mäkou, ka läua, ka läkou
k-less possessives A : a’u, au, ana, a käu, a mäua, a käkou, a mäkou, a läua, a läkou

When the possessor is a kikino, ko and kä are placed directly in front of the ka'i of the kikino. If the possessor is an i'oa, ko and kä are placed directly in front of the i'oa.

Kä ka pöpoki mea 'ai. - The cat's food.
Ko ke kanaka käma'a. - The person's shoe.
Kä Manu pepa. - Manu's paper.

This form is an alternative to using the k-less possessives.

Ka mea 'ai a ka pöpoki. - The cat's food.
Ke käma'a o ke kanaka. - The person's shoe.
Ka pepa a Manu. - Manu's paper.

Later you will learn more uses of ko and kä.

Directionals. There are four words in Hawaiian that follow verbs indicating the direction or movement in which something is happening or being done. Sometimes they are not translated into English.

1) mai: toward the speaker
2) aku: away from the speaker
3) iho: in a downward direction
4) a'e: upward, back and forth, sideways

hele mai -- come (toward the speaker)
hele aku - go (away from the speaker)
hä'awi mai - give (to the speaker)
hä'awi aku - give away
kü'ai mai - buy
kü'ai aku - sell
lawe mai - bring
lawe aku - take
'ai iho - eat (iho is not translated)
kelepona a'e - telephone; to call by phone (a'e is not translated)

Ka pepeke nono'a me "he": he pattern to describe "to have". The verb "to have" doesn't exist in Hawaiian but there is another way to express that thought by using "he":

he + thing possessed + ko/kä + possessor

He mea'ai kä käua - we have food
He pöpoki kä Malu - Malu has a cat
He kupuna lokomaika'i ko'u - I have a kind grandparent
He puke kä kou hoaaloha - your friend has a book
He lumi ko ka wahine - the woman has a room
He penikala kä ka haumäna - the student has a pencil
He ka'a ko ko'u tutu - my grandma has a car

To indicate a helunui (plural), just add mau in front of the kikino.

he + mau + thing possessed + ko/kä + possessor

He mau manu kä ke keikikäne - The boy has birds
He mau noho ko 'oukou - you (more than two) have chairs
He mau pepa käu - you have papers
He mau päpale ko nä wähine - The women have hats


Päpä'ölelo


Ulu: E Näwa'a, 'ike anei 'oe, aia i hea ko'u käma'a? Hey Näwa'a, do you see where my shoe is?

Näwa'a: 'Ae, ua 'ike wau i kou käma'a i ke alanui. Yes, I saw your shoe on the road.

Ulu: Auë! Ua lawe aku ka'u 'ïlio kolohe i ke käma'a! Oh no! My rascal dog took the shoe.

Näwa'a: 'A'ole pilikia. E lawe mai ana au i kou käma'a. No problem. I'll bring your shoe.

Ulu: Mahalo nui loa. E kelepona a'e au i ka'u wahine, no ka mea 'a'ole 'o ia i 'ike. Aia 'o ia i ka hana i këia lä. Thank you very much. I'll call my wife because she didn't know. She is at work today.

Näwa'a: A ma hea kou 'ïlio kolohe? And where is your mischievous dog?

Ulu: Aia 'o ia ma 'ö. 'Ike 'oe iä ia? Auë! Aia iä ia ko'u päpale hou i këia manawa!
He is over there. Do you see him? Oh no! He has my new hat right now!

marloncori@hotmail.com
marlon@aluno.unb.br

E 'ölelo Hawai'i käkou!!!

Hawaiian Lessons

HA’AWINA ‘EONO – Lesson Six

Papa'ölelo

'ai - to eat
lumi - room
'äina - land
ma'i - sick
akua - god
maka'u - afraid, fear
alanui - road, street
mana'o - to think, thought, idea
ali'i - chief
maopopo - to understand, to be known
aloha 'ino - too bad, what a pity, how awful
mea 'ai - food
'ane'i - here
moku - island, ship
'eha - to hurt, pain, sore
mo'olelo - story
hale ma'i - hospital
mo'opuna - grandchild
hanohano - to glorify, to honor, glorious, magnificent
na'auao - intelligent, wise
hemahema - awkward
na'aupö - ignorant
hilahila - shy, ashamed, embarrassed
namu - to mumble
hua - fruit, seed
nehinei - yesterday
huahelu - number
nïnau - to ask questions, to inquire
hua'ölelo - word
'ö - there (distant)
ipo - sweetheart
papa he'enalu - surf board
ka'a - car
papa'ele'ele - black board
käma'a - shoe
pane - answer, to answer
kauka - doctor
päpale - hat, to wear a hat
kinipöpö - ball
pä'ü - woman's skirt
kü'ai mai - to buy
pepa - paper
kü'ai aku - to sell
pupuka - ugly
lä'au - medicine, wood, stick
pupule - crazy
lähui - race, ethnicity
pü - together, too (kähulu with verbs)
lani - heaven, sky
u'i - handsome, beautiful
lei - garland
wahi - place
lole - clothes, clothing, to wear clothes
wai - water (fresh)

Pepeke henua & the use of aia. The pepeke henua (locational sentence) is used to tell where or when something is either in relation to space or time. po'o piko 'awe

Aia ke kumu ma 'ane'i - The teacher is here
Aia 'o Manu i ka hale - Manu is in the house
Aia 'o Glendale ma Kaleponi - Glendale is in California
Aia 'o Pono me 'oe - Pono is with you
Aia 'o ia i ka länai - He is on the lanai
Aia ko'u hale ma ke alanui Central - My house is on Central Avenue.
Aia ka papa 'ölelo Hawai'i i nehinei - The Hawaiian language class was yesterday.

When the 'awe is a papani or i'oa, then the 'awe comes before piko.

po'o aia + 'awe location + piko

Aia iä Pi'i ka'u penikala? Does Pi'i have my pencil?
Aia iä 'oe ka helu kelepona? Do you have the telephone number?
Aia iä wai ka puke? Who has the book?
Aia ia'u ke käma'a - I have the shoe

Nä 'ami nono'a: kino'ö & kino'ä (o & a possessives) There are two possessive forms in Hawaiian to mean "of": the o form and the a form. The use of a versus o depends on what is being possessed.

O category: Things that you have no control over like older relatives, siblings, emotions or body parts. Things that are not living also fall into this category. Things that you can get into (ride), on, under, behind or wear as well as things you inherit, fall into this category.

A category: Things that you make, generate, obtain, acquire or achieve throughout life such as animals or children, fall into this category.

o category a category po'e: hoaloha, akua, ali'i, kupuna, tütü makua, po'e, lähui po'e: käne, wahine, ipo, keiki, mo'opuna kumu, haumäna ko ke kino: kino, lima, poli, po'o nä lole: käma'a, lole, päpale, pä'ü nä painu: hele nä painu: hana, hele, helu, heluhelu, namu, nïnau, 'ölelo, pane nä meme'a 'a'ano/hehele/hamani: akamai, aloha, 'eha, hanohano, hau'oli, hemahema, hilahila, maka'u, ma'i, mana'o, maopopo, na'auao, na'aupö, nani, pupule, u'i, pupuka conveyances: ka'a, papa he'enalu, wa'a kekahi mea 'ë a'e: 'äina, hale, inoa, kula, lani, lei, lumi, mo'olelo, moku, noho (chair), wahi kekahi mau mea 'ë a'e: 'ai, hua, huahelu, hua'ölelo, mea'ai, papa'ele'ele, penikala, papa (class), pepa, puke, wai, kinipöpö

There are some words where the meanings change depending if you're using an a or o possessive.
lei ko'u - my lei (to wear) lei ka'u - my lei (lei that I made)
ki'i ko'u - my picture (of myself) ki'i ka'u - my picture (a picture that I made/took)

Other examples will be given later in future lessons.

Päpä'ölelo

U'ilani: Aloha e Ku'uleialoha! Pehea 'oe? Aloha Ku'uleialoha. How are you?
Ku'uleialoha: 'Eha ko'u po'o. My head hurts.
U'ilani: Auë, aloha 'ino! No ke aha? Aw, too bad. Why?
Ku'uleialoha: 'Ano 'öma'ima'i au. I'm kind of sick.
U'ilani: A pehea kou mau mäkua? A käu mau keiki? And how are your parents? And your children? Ku'uleialoha: Maika'i läkou apau, a e hele ana ka'u mau keiki i ke kula. They are all fine and my children are going to school.
U'ilani: He mea maika'i nö këlä! E hele ana 'oe i ke kauka? That's good! Are you going to the doctor? Ku'uleialoha: 'Ae, a e kü'ai mai ana au i ka lä'au. Yes and I'm going to buy medicine.
U'ilani: E mälama pono e Ku'ulei. A hui hou! Take care Ku'ulei. See you later.
Ku'uleialoha: Mahalo e U'i! A hui hou aku nö. Thank you U'i! See you later then.

Hawaiian Lessons

HA’AWINA ‘ELIMA – Lesson Five

Papa'ölelo

A hui hou - see you later
leka - letter
'au - to swim
mä - and company, gang, et al
'au kai - to swim in the sea
mea 'ai - food
hale - house
moana - ocean
hale pule - church
moe - to lie down
hele - to go, come
'ö - there (distant)
hele aku - to go (away)
papa - class
hele mai - to come
pau - to finish, complete
kahakai - beach
po'e - people
kai - sea
püne'e - couch, sofa
lä - [particle translated as "then"]
wela - hot

Mä: mä in Hawaiian immediately follows an i'oa (proper noun). It is normally translated as "them" or "guys" in Pidgin. Hele 'o Manu mä i ka hale pule - Manu guys go to church.

Ka mäka painu ua (past tense) - To form the past tense you add ua directly in front of the verb.

(PAST TENSE) ua + po'o + piko + 'awe (if there is one)

Ua 'ai ka pöpoki i ka mea 'ai - The cat ate the food
Ua 'au wau i ke kai - I swam in the sea
Ua hele mai ke kumu i ke kula - The teacher came to the school
Ua pau ka papa - The class was finished

'ami ma and multiple 'awe The 'ami ma can also be used in place of i. They both mean "in, on," and "at". Ma is more specific than i and i also means "toward" and is usually used with verbs of movement.

Ua + po'o + piko + 'awe

Ua noho au ma Kualapu'u - I lived in Kualapu'u
Ua moe 'o mämä ma ka püne'e - Mom lay on the couch

Just like a he'e, a Hawaiian sentence can have multiple 'awe. An 'awe usually begins with: 'ami i or ma followed by a ka'i: këia, këlä, kënä ke, ka, nä

Ua + po'o + piko + nä 'awe

Ua käkau ka haumäna i ka ha'awina i ke kula - The student wrote the lesson in school
Ua 'ai ka pöpoki i ka mea 'ai ma 'ö - The cat ate the food over there
Ua hele au i ka hale pule i Hawai'i - I went to the church in Hawai'i

ka mäka painu: e painu ana (future tense/progressive) The pattern for forming sentences to indicate future tense is as follows: po'o e + [painu/verb] + ana This pattern is used to show that the action is not complete. Either it is still going on (progressive), or it hasn't even started (future).

po'o + piko + 'awe

e hele ana ka po'e i kahakai – “the people will go to the beach” or “the people are going to the beach”
e käkau ana wau i ka leka – “I will write the letter” or “I am writing the letter”

Päpä'ölelo

Manu: E Keoki, e hele ana 'oukou i kahakai? Hey Keoki, are you guys going to the beach?
Keoki, Pi'ikea, Lehua: 'A'ole, e hele ana mäkou i ke kula i këia lä. No, we're going to school today.
Manu: No ke aha lä? He lä wela ia. Why? It's a hot day.
Keoki mä: E käkau ana mäkou i kekahi mau leka i nä mäkua. He hä'awina ia. We're going to write some letters to the parents. It's a lesson.
Manu: Ua pau ka'u mau papa. E hele ana au i kahakai. E 'au kai ana au. A hui hou! My classes are finished. I'm going to the beach. I'm going to swim. See you later.

Negative 'a'ole To form the negative, 'a'ole comes first. Depending on what tense you are speaking in, there are various patterns. If there is a papani in the piko, then the papani immediately follows 'a'ole followed by i then the painu (verb). If the piko has no papani, then 'a'ole is immediately followed by i then the painu.

hele ka wahine

'a'ole hele ka wahine
ua hele ka wahine
'a'ole i hele ka wahine

hele au
'a'ole au hele
'a'ole i hele au
'a'ole au i hele

Päpä'ölelo

Kalanialoha: Hui e Ku'uleialoha, ua hele 'oe i ke kula i këia lä? Hey Ku'ulei, did you go to school today? Ku'uleialoha: 'A'ole. 'A'ole au i hele i ke kula i këia lä. No. I didn't go to school today.
Kalani: Hele 'oe i kahakai? Are you going to the beach?
Ku'ulei: 'A'ole au hele i kahakai. I'm not going to the beach.
Kalani: Ua 'ai i ka mea 'ai i ka hale pule? Did you eat the food at the church?
Ku'ulei: 'A'ole, 'a'ole au i 'ai i ka mea 'ai. No, I didn't eat the food.

Sentence Construction learned so far

po'o + piko + 'ami + ka'i + 'awe
painu ua
painu e
painu ana
he/'o kikino papani
i'ao: i, ma, iä, ka, ke, këlä, kënä, ko'u, kou, (no ka'i) kikino papani/i'oa

Note: the 'ami and ka'i are part of the 'awe, but in the diagram above they are shown separately to show all the necessary parts of a Hawaiian sentence. Also, the subject may be dropped, if understood.

Hawaiian Lessons

HA’AWINA ‘EHÄ – Lesson Four

Papa'ölelo

'ai - to eat
kona - his, her
akamai - smart
këia lä - today
alanui - street, road
ki'i - picture, to draw
'a'ole pilikia - you're welcome; no problem
komo - to enter
hä'awi - to give, to bring
komo mai - to come in
hä'awi aku - to give (away)
li'ili'i - small, little
hä'awi mai - to bring in
lohe - to hear
hana - work, to work
ma - in, at, on
helu - number, to count
mämä - mom, mother
heluhelu - to read
mokupuni - island
hö - ooh, wow [an expression also "hü"]
päpä - dad, father
holo - to go, travel, ride, sail
piko - navel, center
ho'olohe - to listen
pilikia - trouble, problem
'ike - to see, to know (ke)
po'o - head
käkau - to write
wa'a - canoe

More papani: There are 4 papani or pronouns in Hawaiian for "we". The pronouns specify whether or not you are including the person you are speaking to and can be number specific. If you are including the person you are speaking to, you use the "k" forms of "we" in Hawaiian. If you are talking about "we" but not including the person addressed, then you use the "m" form.

INCLUSIVE (K-) / EXCLUSIVE (M-)
käua “we” (dual) / mäua “we” (dual)
käkou “we” (more than two) mäkou “we” (more than two)

He mau haumäna käua - we (2 incl.) are students.
He mau Hawai'i käkou - we (incl.) all are Hawaiians

He mau käne mäkou - we (excl.) are all men
Maika'i nö mäua - we (2 excl.) are fine

Ka mäka painu kauoha e (E the imperative marker).
In Hawaiian e is used when you want to express a command.

E 'ai 'oe ! - (you) eat!
E hana käua! - let's (2 incl.) work!
E käkau! (you) write!
E noho! – sit!
E 'olu'olu – please... (literally: “be kind”)
E ki'i ma këia pepa - Draw on this paper!

Hawaiian sentence structure

A Hawaiian sentence is made up of 3 basic parts. The po'o, piko and 'awe. Think of the sentence structure like a he'e (octopus) where it is made up of the po'o (head), and the 'awe (tentacle) and they both meet in the center or "piko".
The basic parts of a Hawaiian sentence follows a particular order beginning with the po'o immediately followed by a piko. The 'awe normally follows the piko but in future lessons you will see how it can come before the piko as well as the po'o.
Sometimes the 'awe is purposely omitted because the pepeke (statement) is understood. Other times, the pepeke just won't have an 'awe.

STRUCTURE: po'o piko 'awe
He kumu au ma Kaleponi - I'm a teacher in California
He wahine 'o Laka - Laka is a woman
He wa'a këlä - that is a canoe H
He keiki käne li'ili'i 'o ia - he is a little boy
He mokupuni 'o Moloka'i - Moloka'i is an island
'O au 'o Keawe - I am Keawe
'O këia ko'u hale - this is my house
'O këia alanui 'o Sunset - this street is Sunset
'O ia ka haumäna akamai - he is the smart student
'O Hollywood këia - this is Hollywood
'O këia 'o Hollywood - this is Hollywood

Nä 'ami lauka i & iä (prepositions i/iä)

i: when linking other parts of a sentence to the main clause, you use the 'ami i. It joins the 'awe or the object (both direct and indirect object) to the piko. The 'awe requires a ka'i if it has a kikino (common noun) in it. The ka'i would come directly in front of the kikino. The ka'i that you have learned so far are këia, këlä, ka, ke, and nä. Other ka'i are kou and ko'u.

STRUCTURE: po'o (verb) + piko (subject) + 'ami (preposition) + 'awe (object)
Po'o piko 'ami 'awe

Heluhelu 'o Nalu i ka puke - Nalu reads the book
Noho 'o ia i ka noho - He sits in the chair
Käkau 'oe i ka leka - You write the letter

iä: when the 'awe is an i'oa (person's name, place or pronoun) then you use iä in place of i. When iä is used with the papani (pronoun) au (wau) it is contracted to ia'u.

Po'o piko 'ami 'awe

Heluhelu 'o Nalu iä mäkou - Nalu reads to us
Käkau 'o ia iä Pi'ikea - She writes to Pi'ikea
'Ike 'o Mähealani iä Kaulana - Mahealani sees Kaulana
E hä'awi mai 'oe ia'u - (You) bring (it) to me!

Note: the 'ami i and iä are actually part of the 'awe but in this particular lesson it was listed separately to show that it is required to join the remaining 'awe to the rest of the pepeke. So an 'awe begins with either an 'ami i or 'ami iä.
Päpä'ölelo (conversation)

Pü'iwa: Aloha e Maka'u'ole! Hello Maka'u'ole!
Maka'u'ole: Aloha nö e Pü'iwa. Hello Pu'iwa.
Maka'u'ole: E komo mai. Come inside.
Pü'iwa: Mahalo e Maka'u'ole Thank you Maka'u'ole.
Pü'iwa: 'O wai këlä kanaka ma ke ki'i? Who is that person in the picture?
Maka'u'ole: Ma këlä ki'i? 'O ko'u mämä. In that picture? It's my mom.
Pü'iwa: Hö, he wahine nani 'o ia. Wow, she is a pretty woman.
Maka'u'ole: Mahalo, he 'olu'olu 'oe - Thank you, you are kind. (a kind person)
Pü'iwa: 'A'ole pilikia e Maka'u'ole. You're welcome Maka'u'ole.
Maka'u'ole: Aloha käua. Goodbye.
Pü'iwa: Aloha nö. Bye then.

Ka pepeke painu (verb sentence): present tense To form the present tense in Hawaiian, the verb which is the po'o is first, followed by the piko which is the subject. The pepeke painu tells that something or someone has a certain trait or quality or does a particular action.

po'o (verb) + piko (subject)

Hana au – “I work”
'Ai 'o Pi'i – “Pi'i eats”
'Ike käkou – “we see”
Ho'olohe mäua – “we (dual excl.) listen”
Heluhelu läkou - “they read”

Päpä'ölelo

Nihopalaoa: E Pua, pehea 'oe? Pua, how are you?
Pua: Maika'i, mahalo. Heluhelu au i këia puke maika'i. I'm fine thank you. I am reading this good book.
Nihopalaoa: He aha kënä puke? What is that (near you) book?
Pua: He puke kula ia. Heluhelu ke kumu iä mäkou. (It's) a school book. The teacher reads it to us.
Nihopalaoa: E hä'awi mai 'oe i ka puke ia'u. Give the book to me.
Pua: No ke aha? Why?
Nihopalaoa: No ka mea, 'ölelo 'oe, he puke maika'i ia. Because you said it's a good book.
Pua: Hö! Akamai 'oe! 'A'ole pilikia, e hä'awi aku au i ka puke iä 'oe.
Wow! You're smart! No problem, I'll give you the book.